How does Great Expectations Reflect the Victorian Era?

How does great Expectations Reflect the puritanic age?Then, make becomes a gentleman, he assumes that great expectations mean that he whitethorn no longer be content with the good things he already has. When Mr. Joe visits Pip in London, Pip looks down on Mr. Joe and thinks that he does not fit to his new environment anymore. Pip thinks to himself, Not with pleasure, though I was bound to him by so legion(predicate) ties no with considerable hoo-ha If I could halt kept him away by paying money, I certainly would have paid money (pg.186). Although Joe protected and assisted Pip throughout his childhood and adolescence, Pip was still embarrassed by him. However, in the end he regrets for treating him so rude.After so many disappointments (He was planning to marry Biddy, precisely she married Mr. Joe. He expected that be a gentleman would provide him a chance to marry Estella, but she married Bentley and so forth), he is finally forced to develop some unproblematic and realist ic expectations and learns how to be content with the modest living he makes in the mercantile firm. Pip learns that social row is not essential for pleasure that strict designations of good and evil, and even of guilt and innocence, are nearly unfeasible to maintain in a world that is constantly changing and that his intervention of his loved ones must be the guiding principle in his bearing. big(p) Expectations and Victorian AgeDickens Great Expectations is one of several contemplative books of Victorian age. It is a very successful representative of its own time. compose in 1860 and following the story of Pip from childhood to adulthood, the book represents the greens Victorian elements manage social class difference, industrialization, Victorian houses, Victorian value and women.At the very beginning of the book, we encounter with a typical non-U family. They live in a village among marshes. Mr. Joe is a blacksmith and his wife (the child of Pip) is a typical Victorian low-class housewife. She sinks under the household duties and endlessly complains about not being able to take off her proscenium wall (chapter 1-2). Because of her harsh duties, she is always frustrated and often beats Pip. Then, we encounter with high-class, well-dressed, well-dancing women same Miss Havisham and Estella through the onwards of the book.These both different families are as well as the first signals of the existence of social classes in the society. On the one hand, Gargery family is a poor, uneducated, living in a village. On the opposite hand, Miss Havisham lives in a mansion called Satis House. The Pockets house is full of servants. Estella is a young doll who dances well and educated abroad. Also the other(a) women in Pips snobbish life in London represent the typical high-class Victorian women. Having seen the two different lives in early years of his life, Pip wants to shift to the hurrying class. He expects to become a gentleman who has all the valu es appreciated by the society in order to have Estella and an upper class lifestyle.Pips early impressions about London remind us the effects of industrial Revolution and immigration. When he comes to London, he is amazed and displeased with the unbelievable host (resulting from immigration for job) and awful smell (coming from sewage due to the factories) I was shake by the intensity of London. I think I might have had some faint doubts whether it was not rather ugly, crooked, narrow, and dirty.(pg. 138) The gloomy streets of Smithfield disturb him.It is indulgent to see Victorian architecture and Victorian houses in the book. Satis House, Wemmicks house (like a castle), and other ornamented houses tell us the taste of architecture of those days.It is very drear not to see some of important themes of Victorian era like child labor, prostitution, colonialism etc. in Great Expectations. But, Dickens uses colonialism in Great Expectations as a narrative device. A transported convi ct exactly meets the pauperization for a benefactor who can make a substantial end yet who has to remain anonymous, and of whom Pip will eventually be ashamed. The chief city law against returning from transportation sharpens the impact of the later chapters, when Pip sheds his pretensions as well as his wealth. Thus Dickens, like so many Victorian authors who used the colonies as places to transfer burned-out characters or from which to retrieve characters, uses this picture of colonialism as the dramatic cornerstone for his novel. (Jonah Raskin in The Mythology of Imperialism (New YorkRandom House,1971))In other words, colonialism is used not as a theme but a narrative device in Great Expectations. Also, Dickens used the other themes mentioned above in his other works. For example, Oliver Twist child labor, destitution etc.

The Aircraft Structural Layout Engineering Essay

The Aircraft Structural Layout Engineering EssayIntroductionThe A380, when first produced was champion of the sweetest and most technologically advanced civil airliners in the homo, hosting the exercise of refreshing materials, refreshful manufacturing techniques and e genuinely(prenominal)placecoming many a(prenominal) engineering problems that the true size of the aircraft procured.The requirement for an revolutionary high capacity aircraft, UHCA , came about at the conclusion of the cold tell a instigate of war international conflict and tensions were dissipating and international travel became more than viable. Airports were becoming more and more congested and Boeing was monopolising the civil air becharm market Airbus call for something to fresh and preferably big to combat these issues.The A3XX was conceived in 1988 and developed over the years until what we know now as the largest rider airliner in the cosmea the A380. The eight was chosen to reflect the so cial trunk of the airframe, the 2 fundament agreement and the fact that in many Asian countries the number eight is considered as a lucky number.At the time, the aircraft was the latest feat of engineering for the strain industry if non for engineering in general. Its technological advances atomic number 18 something to venerate but there were several problems to face this pi angiotensin converting enzymeering project. Many new manufacturing practices and techniques had to be developed along with the logistical problems of combining over one speed of light international giveners contributing part. Then the immense task of transporting the various outsize split to the assembly line in Toulo map, France.Designers were con con beted with countless questions, how to transfer the spacious oodles the aircraft would come under? How allow the undercarriage distribute the moott of such(prenominal) and still be manoeuvre efficiently in existing airports? How overmuch power would an aircraft of such size require? Noise levels to comply with saucily implemented restrictions? The 3Es were imposed during the jut process environment, economy and energy.This report will discuss the pickings and solutions that were chosen to overcome the many problems mentioned above.DESCRIPTION OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE AIRFRAMEThe daedal number of airframe components were all put together as one part and were analysed and optimised using very advanced computational fluid dynamics. The A380 is quite a blunt aircraft and this helps by cutting drag by 2% as opposed to former(a) desings. The inventer enhanced many aspects of the A380 such as the fell frame fairing and the prolongation. This enabled weight to be salvage without creating drag consequences. The airframe of the A380 was make to last 25 years. On Page 5 of Appendix F a expatiateed cutaway can be seen of the A380. in like manner in Appendix A forecast 3 an overview of the components of the A380 can be s een. full moon specifications of the A380 can be seen in Appendix E.Nose SectionThe weave segmentation was difficult to engineer as the prongy deck design created a deep profile requirement. in that respect is a large closet bulkhead which is above and bottomland the nose peddle bay. It is make from a pose of a function curved grace stiffened by longitudinal stringers which are locally welded. This bulkhead gameboard is odd as it is designed to form part of the cock brush off floor. The unpressurized nose slant bay is in the preliminary glare part.FuselageThe fuselage of the A380 is the biggest in the world and the most compo office plant ever do by Airbus. For lawsuit, bonnie taking the middle segmentation of the fuselage, there is a large sum of money of components. There are three doors, the belly fairing, of import set down gear bay, focus annexe encase, two wing gears and the body gears.Although the social organisation of the A380 is comparatively traditional new materials were utilize. This will be discussed in more de crumb later in the report, here is a summary the semi monocoque expression of the fuselage is formed from very advanced atomic number 13 alloy.There are pliant frames in the nates cone role reinforced with CFRP, carbon case reinforced polymer. The skins of the stop number and lateral fuselage, send on and aft, are made from GLARE, sugarcoat fibre reinforced aluminium laminate. The nerve fuselage however is made from aluminium alloys and icing fibres with imbedded adhesive. This is a very advanced way to save weight. This was non the only reason advanced composites were employ they in like manner live with bettor damage tolerance and fatigue.The fuselage is 230ft long and has two briny types of incubate section. It is orbicular until frame 31 then aft of this it becomes ovoid. This can be seen in figure 3 of appendix B where quartette possible hybrid sections for the A380 are compared. For interest only there is a sketch in Appendix C which shows what the A380 could rent looked like with the horizontal double let the cat out of the bag fuselage cross section. Also in Appendix A Figure 2 a comparison can be seen of the A380 (marked A3xx) and the Boeing 747 cross section.The originate section is unpressurized. The tail section and the forward unit section form this. The tail section is separated from the rest of the fuselage by a CFRP reinforced formative revoke pressure bulkhead. The rear section is prehended to aft section of the fuselage. This runs from frame 74 to 95.The rear fuselage section is a very complex set up. This is because it has to harbour the fin and horizontal horizontal stabiliser. The sub organize is reinforced with exceedingly loaded aluminium frames as well as resin frames. The panels that take over to the substructure are chemically milled CFRP skins. Welded stringer panels are used in the lower fuselage. They are machined with integrate d stringers in tandem. This creates stronger panels. The upper shell is reinforced by GLARE.There are areas of high stress within the fuselage such as around the wing basis area and the frames that run the distance of the fuselage. These areas are machined. Areas which are less loaded are extruded, for example the upper shell.The upper deck and the main deck are constructed in a similar manner, a floor grid supported by cross smooths and frames in turn supported by vertical struts, but use polar materials. The upper deck uses CFRP crossbeams which connect to the frames by a pluck joint. The main decks cross beam is made from advanced aluminium atomic number 3 alloy.There are two stairways within the fuselage. By door one is the double width stairway for in flight of steps activity. In the curved shape of the rear pressure bulkhead is another stairway made wide lavish for service equipment and a stretcher.The belly fairing has an aluminium substructure which supports panels m ade of a nomex honeycomb and crossbreeding epoxy skin sandwich. Deformation occurs amidst the fuselage structure and the belly fairing and this means lade from the fuselage are transferred to the fairing. Also there is a alloylic strip in the rear section of the fairing it allows bending loads to be absorbed as it enables the composite shell to flex.Wings ascribable(p) to the above wings of the A380 are the biggest ever made. They cover 9104sqft with a reconcile of 13ft and a 261ft6inch span and have an aspect proportionality of 7.52. The sweep list is 33.5 degrees at the 25% chord mark. The dihedral is 5.6 degrees at the tip.The wings are very complex. The atomic number 82 edge has six slat sections and two droop noses. The tracking edge has three oneness slotted fowler flaps. The ailerons, outer flaps and spoilers are made from composites. The inner flap is metallic. The wing itself has three ailerons and eight spoilers. Also the wing supports two engine pylons and the wing landing gear. A kruger flap would have been on the inboard wind edge but because of the huge information of the A380 wing a droop nose device was complicated. It is completely slicked which means it makes the wing stall inboard and it pivots around a ameliorate point.The wings frame is made from a CFRP and aluminium alloy hybrid centre case and a metallic outer part. The centre box consists of a root rib, rear, front and centre spars with skins above and below. The centre box is joined to the fuselage by frame fittings. Diagonally orientated struts support the floor structure above. The wing frame can be split into two parts the inboard frame, from ribs 1 to 17, and outboard frame, from ribs 17 to 49.They are secern by the fact that the outboard from has no centre spar, only front and rear. The spar material changes from aluminium at the middle point between the engines as a weight saving device. Twenty three of the cardinal nine ribs are made partly from CFRP.The wingl ets take aerodynamic loads in roll. The A380 winglets have a 13ft chord, are at a length of 119ft away from the fuselage and are an optional item in the specification.TailThe tailplane in totality is a height of 79ft5inches and has a 99ft span. To put this into billet this is almost the span of an A320 wing and the same chord as the A340. The tailplanes support from the fuselage has been spoken about formerly. The tailplane is cast uped to the fuselage using two rows of engorge and shear bolts. This is a similar concept the A340 design of this area. The frame that supports the tailplane is before the first row of lug bolts at frame 108. There is also double curvature of the skin at the root of the tailplane. This is because the air flow locally around the stabiliser will be great than mach 1. The double curvature enables any drag rise to be dispersed. Between frames 99 and carbon is the single trim screw.Rear of the tail cone is the rear fairing made up of titanium firewalls and is home to the APU (Auxillary Processing Unit) exhaust. The APU itself sits just forward of this within the tailcones CFRP frame and stringers. A revolutionary design that utilises a single torsion box with a lower and upper rudder has been used for some(prenominal) the fin and rudder. The fin box for example consists of a rear and front spar that span the whole fin with a framework of ribs made from CFRP and resin. The end fittings are made from aluminium alloy. The vertical stabiliser is 48ft high and has a chord of 39ft6inches with a taper ratio of 0.39 and an aspect ratio of 1.74. The horizontal stabilizer has an integral fuel tank. The lateral loads of this stabilizer are interpreted by a heavily reinforced structure.The landing gear bays surround the cargo compartment between the aft cargo section and the centre wing box. The walls (inner and upper) are made from self stiffened panels. backchat OF THE mathematical product AND ASSEMBLY PROCESSWith an aircraft of such siz e choosing the last(a) assembly site was going to cause problems. The decision would have to involve a policy-making and logistical discussion as to decide the options that were going to be vanquish for the whole process. A collaboration between many companies throughout the airbus free radical and some other specialist companies was going to be vital to acquire the highest quality for the aircraft. . The five largest contributors to A380, by value, are Rolls-Royce, SAFRAN, United Technologies, General Electric, and Goodrich. Airbus sized the production facilities and supply chain for a production rate of four A380s. Many newly created and some most advanced manufacturing techniques were used in the production of the A380 to allow this rate to be achieved.ProductionCompanies across atomic number 63 built the major structural sections in France, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom other components came from across the world. JAMCO made the upper deck floor carbon cross beams and the stiffners and stringers for the fin centre box. Shin Maywa was contracted for the main wing root fillet fairing and the wing ramp surfaces. Yokohama made the water and waste tanks. Korean Aerospace Industries constructed the lower outer wing skin panels. Australian company drug peddler de Havilland built the large wingtip fences. Chinese company AVIC make the panels of the landing gear bay. Hamilton Sundstrand produced the air generation system. Canadian Pratt and Whitney make the Auxillary Power Unit. Honeywell made the flight management system. American company Eaton provided the high pressure hydraulic system and the high pressure hoses. Parkers Aerospaces Electronic Systems Division provides the fuel management systems. Rockwell collins supplies the avionics full duplex AFDX Ethernet switch. A final example of the multi-corporate build is Goodrich development the evacuation slides.The construction of such an aircraft necessitate huge amounts of money to be spent in o rder to design and build the sites that could cater for the A380 components. For example Airbus UKs build site at Broughton received a brand new 35million building to contain the wing construction.Each manufacture site was delegated different areas of manufacture these were split into or aircraft component management teams (ACMTs) then get along split into combined design build teams (CDBTs). showing on from above the wing construction was in Broughton but the Wing assembly was delegated to Filton. ACMTs were created for wing nose, centre fuselage, forward and aft fuselage, propulsion, empennage, landing gear, systems, inner and final assembly. The use of breakout down the ACMTs into CDBT allowed for responsibility if components had issues, late deadlines etc.As stated earlier, new production techniques were introduced. Laser beam welding involves a highly dead-on(prenominal) automated laser beam, typically carbon dioxide or solid state YAG (yttrium-aluminium-garnet) laser, whi ch was introduced into manufacture in 2001. It has a built in inspection unit leading to much quicker and quality welds. This technique was used to attach the stringers of the lower fuselage shell skins, reducing dramatically the weight, need for fasteners and time taken of previous technique (reaching a production speed of 26ft a polished when welding the stringers it). This manufacturing process was also used for the curved bulkhead panel and lower fuselage skin.Another manufacturing technique which revolutionised the A380 manufacture was an advanced robotic milling machine. It had a quick-frozen axis and spun up to 24000 rpm and operated under a shower of lubricant. This was employ in the manufacture of the aluminium alloy cockpit window frames. companyAssembly of such an aircraft was going to be an epic logistical journey. Getting the parts to the final assembly hall in Toulouse was going to be the hardest part as a new technique for spatial alignment had been created. This innovational feature of the assembly was vital the positioning system aided by lasers (41/40 single berth unit) aligned jigs to subassemblies with high tech optics to attach the fuselage and the wings together. It was very advanced as it calculates exact dimensions of sections and is interfaced with a detent system which could derive structural qualities and average tolerances.Techniques adopted by previous Airbus models used the A300-600ST Beluga aircraft to transport large parts however this was not going to be as much use for the A380. This meant another option of travel was going to be used. Land and water was going to have to be used to get all components to Toulouse.The decision as to where the final assembly should be located caused friction within the airbus family at first. The German airbus section had to be appeased by using its Ville de Bordeaux, Roll-on Roll-off ocean vessel (RORO) as seen in Figure 5, to allow the choice of Toulouse as Final Assembly. move from acro ss the world where transported to Europe to respective manufacturing areas and flushtually moved to France. devil main transport systems were use in the assembly of the A380. Air transport used of a number of guppy aircraft, devised by Felix Kracht, to manufacturing sites. By sea the RORO vessel travels to four different countries in Europe collecting parts then transfers them to Paupac. From there it is transported by canal and road to Toulouse.The front and rear sections of the fuselage are loaded on to RORO in Hamburg, northern Germany, whence they are shipped to the United Kingdom. The wings transported by barge to Mostyn from Filton in Bristol and Broughton in normality Wales, where the ship adds them to its cargo. In Saint-Nazaire in western France, the ship trades the fuselage sections from Hamburg for larger, assembled sections, some of which include the nose. The ship unloads in Bordeaux. later onwards, the ship picks up the belly and tail sections by Construcciones Ae ronuticas SA in Cadiz in southern Spain, and delivers them to Bordeaux. From there, the A380 parts are transported by barge to Langon, and by oversize road convoys to the assembly hall in Toulouse.The pilot light pathways that were going to be used for transportation were simply not decent enough therefore new wider roads, canal systems and barges were developed to deliver the A380 parts. After assembly, the aircraft are flown to Hamburg to be furnished and painted. It takes 3,600 litres of paint to cover the 3,100 m outside of an A380.DISCUSSION OF THE CHOSEN MATERIALS USED IN THE STRUCTUREThe A380 was very state-of-the-art in its design. Forty percent of its structure consisted of carbon composites and advanced metal alloys.The wing structure for example was constructed with a carbon fibre wing box. They used monolithic CFRP as it was found to be one and a half tonnes lighter than using aluminium alloys. The fin also created in this manner with a solid laminate CFRP fin box cur ed in an autoclave. This was also apply in the rudder, horizontal stabilizer and elevators.CFRP was employed in other areas of the plane too not just external components. contract bulkheads and upper deck floor beams were also made of this material. The vertical tail is made of a CFRP truss structure.The wing skin was changed from aluminium alloys to composites in the design process.Thermoplastics were used for lots of components. For example the ribs in the fixed leading edges of the vertical and horizontal stabilisers. Also for the secondary support admiting the interior furnishing and the cabin trim. Impact resistant thermoplastics were used on the wing leading edges.The A380 as an engineering feat used revolutionary materials. For example GLARE. The acronym stands for glass fibre reinforced aluminium laminate. It was used for the upper fuselage shell. The material was tried in 1990 and consists of alternation layers of 0.015inch aluminium sheet and glass fibre reinforced st ick to film. This material is revolutionary because it has better corrosion, fatigue and damage resistance properties than aluminium. It is also less dense with a weight saving of between fifteen and thirty percent. The weight saving was about 500kg in construction. This material is particular(a) as the glass fibre layers between the aluminium stop cracks propagating and even operate as a load path.Aluminium alloy was utilised massively within the production of the A380. One area where it was exploited was the windows in the cockpit. The frames were made from AL7040 aluminium alloy. A strengthened variant of the alloy was used as the bird impact shield.The windshield fairing was also redesigned to use aluminium. It consists of aluminium skins, which were chemically milled, covering machined ribs and extruded stringers.Aluminium alloy was used as a substructure for the massive belly fairing. It supported panels which utilised modern materials. The panel core is a nomex honeycomb cor e which is covered in a hybrid carbon glass fibre epoxy skin. Titanium was utilised in the fairing also with a corrosion resistant variant universe used for stringers and frame roots.The intuitive designers saved weight and increased motion wherever they could. The engines pylons where mostly made from titanium, however they had a secondary structure made from thermoplastic carbon and aluminium. An epoxy CFRP was used for the nacelle cowl and buff cowl skin.These advanced materials were used as they reduced the weight of the structural form, made it more aerodynamic and improved the performance of the aircraft. Take the centre wing box as a case study. 2,200 pounds of weight was saved by using composites, mainly carbon fibre, for 50% of the 23ft by 20ft by 7ft structure. Component weight reductions also reduce stresses on the planes structure.However the designers did not always go for the composite option. They considered the benefits and disadvantages carefully. For example the wing. There were many drawbacks to having a fully composite wing which were not balanced by existence 1500 pounds lighter. For example the huge structural join now required would weigh more than the composite weight loss. This additional weight then required the wing to be strengthened as it had lost the bending relief pitcher moment. A more obvious drawback is the greater manufacturing costs of using composites.DISCUSSION OF THE WEIGHT GROWTH WITH SERIES DEVELOPMENTThroughout out the design phase the aircraft had been considered as passenger aircraft, with a freighter option considered as a sustainable use for the aircraft as well. However this was put on hold being postponed in March 2006 after both erect customers cancelled their orders.With an aircraft this size small component changes were going to have huge effects on weight. An example of this is when the engines had to comply with the QC/2 noise regulations many changes occurred to the engine. This had a knock on effect with the wings, fuel volume, control surfaces and the structure that holds the wing greatly affecting the weight of the aircraft.The passenger variants of this aircraft are very versatile, but having the ability to extradite up to 555 passengers and luggage, as is the case with the main A380-800 model, into an aircraft is going to significantly increase the weight. Other variants of the passenger are an broaden range model with a shorter fuselage and only 481 passengers is the A380-700. Also a very important person aircraft has been ordered by HRH Prince Alaweed bin Talal bin Abdulaziz Alsaud which is known as the A380-Flying Palace. Also the United States Air Force is looking at the A380 as a replacement for the Presidential Air Force One aircraft which is a Boeing 747 at present. A proposed stretch version the A380-900 has been proposed it would be 12 frames longer be able to carry 656 passengers (three class layout) and would have an increase MTOW.The A380-800C11 a passenger/c argo plane is an in between variant which can carry 11 cargo pallets as well as passengers.The other main variant is the A380-800F dedicated freighter, a shelled out A380-800 model, with a capacity of 25 pallets on the upper deck, 33 pallets on the main deck, and 13 pallets on the lower deck. With a total available volume of 948.m3 it allows for a lading up to 150,000kg over 10,371km this is almost double the capability of the Boeing 747-400F. The large range means no need for stopovers when crossing large oceans meaning quicker delivery times.But this required some of the composites to be replaced by aluminium-lithium alloys to allow for this greater loading inevitably increasing the weight of the aircraft. More structural change was undertaken fortified frames, more substantial skins and stronger landing gear. Figure 9 shows a comparison between the weights of the two main variants mentioned above.CONCLUSIONThe A380 is a world leading aircraft in not only in the ability to carry more passengers than any other aircraft it the market but because of the ground break of serve technologies, new manufacturing techniques and the use many new materials. It is a very unique aircraft.The airframe structure is an engineering feat the high loads and stresses due to the sheer size of the A380 were dealt with by an innovative airframe made viable by the use of advanced computational fluid dynamics. These allowed for big decreases in weight due to the design and helped reduce the effects of drag.The production and assembly process was a fairly political global project which involved the coordination of more than 100 companies. New techniques such as 41/40 single station unit used in assembly along with the laser beam welding. Collaboration of all the companies brought together by the Ville de Bordeaux the RORO ship, overland road convoys and pass off of guppy aircraft.Mad from 40% composite materials with a host of new materials being utilized across all areas of the a ircraft. They reduced the weight dramatically and aided in aerodynamic properties. These are the main reasons that allow the A380 to be such a mammoth.The undercarriage design consists of a two wheel forward retracting nose bogie a six wheel rear retracting body bogie and two four wheel sideways retracting wing bogies. passing clever in design creating highly ground maneuverable aircraft.At the moment only the A380-800 model is in production and being used to travel to many worldwide destinations. The A380-800F model is still on hold due to companies cancelling.In this report I have discussed the structure of the airframe. I have also considered the influences of the production and assembly process, the structural materials used and the reasons behind them, the undercarriage design in terms of position and retraction and the weight harvest with series development.Figure bankFigure 1 Airbus A380 CutawayFigure 2 A380 Cutaway (Flight Global)

Indian Civilization Essay

Indian Civilization EssayIntroductionIndia finish begins from riverbanks which is the Indus river and the Ganges river. India derives its signalize from the Indus river. Knowledge of Indian civilizedization has come from two leading cities Mohenjo Daro and Harappa. These cities be c argonfully think where they had wide, straight streets lined with brick ho drug abuses. These cities had elaborate d fallage and thr unity carcasss.Achievements in science and engine room of superannuated India ar divided into few sub parts much(prenominal) as mathematics, astronomy, list of Indian inventions, etc. The history of science and technology in India begins with prehistoric human exercise at Mehrgarh ( cognise as Pakistan in present-day) and continues through the Indus Valley Civilization to aboriginalish states and empires. The British colonial rule introduced western education in India in its efforts to give rise to a native class of civil servants, assailable a number of In dians to foreign institutes of amplyer learning. Following indep obliterateence, science and technology in the Republic of India has include automobile engineering, information technology, communications as well as space, polar, and nuclear sciences.The earliest evidence of technological be on in the Indian subcontinent is to be set in motion in the remains of the Harappan civilization (4000-3000 BC). Archaeological remains point to the existence of well-planned urban pennyres which is orderly elan along with roads and drainage systems complementing them. The drainage systems were particularly remarkable for the measure since they were make underground and were constructed in a manner to allow for inaugural-string cleaning. Smaller drains from toffee-nosed homes connected to the larger public drains.Larger private dwellings (flats) were constantly multi-storied and all homes were constructed from standardized fired bricks and provided for separate cooking aras and toilets. depot facilities for grain and goods for trade were built as were public baths and opposite buildings think for various public functions.urban centres were often planned near riverside or sea-ports. Accurate weights and measures were in use and ports such as Lothal were highly- substantial as export centres of untimely payd products from smelted slovenly person and bronze.Kilns (oven for burning) for smelting copper blocks and hurl tools were in existence as were admixture tools such as curve or circular saws, pierced needles and most signifi flocktly, bronze uses with twisted grooves. The drill enabled the production of items with unparalleled precision for the times and could be regarded as an superannuated precursor of the modern machine tool.There is overly evidence of planned irrigation systems and it appears that fire and flood control measures to protect farms and villages were as well in place. Artisans hold use of the wheel and clay pottery was decorated in a frame of colours and designs. Cotton was grown and apply to produce textiles.urban centres in the Harappan region traded with each otherwise as well as with counterparts in Babylon, the Persian Gulf, Egypt and possibly the Mediterranean. The span of the Harappan civilization was quite extensive, and included much of modern Sindh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab and Western UP. exactly prior to its disappearance, there is also evidence of considerable social decay and disintegration.Excavations from the later phases of the Harappan civilization declare that population pressures led to great anarchy in building construction. Urban dwellings became smaller and settlements became to a greater extent unplanned indicating a breakdown of social practices and structures that promoted urban regulations and enforced construction codes.Between 1800 and 1700 BCE, civilization on the Indus Plain vanished. The regression of these people is un cognize. one and only(a) suspected cause is a shift in the Indus River. another(prenominal) is that people dammed the water along the lower portion of the Indus River with pop out realizing the consequences such as flooding up river. Another suspected cause is a decline in rainfall. Agriculture declined and people abandoned the cities in inquisition of forage.Later, a few people of a different culture colonised in some of the abandoned cities, in what archaeologists call a chunky period. Then the squatters disappeared. Knowledge of the Mohenjo-daro and Harappa civilization died until archaeologists discovered the civilization in the mid-19th century.From Gordian Mohenjo-daro and Harappan towns to Delhis Qutub Minar, Indias indigenous technologies were genuinely sophisticated. They included the design and planning of water supply, work flow, inherent air conditioning, complex stone work, and construction engineering. In extroverted sections, we are going to discuss in detail or so the quaint Indias civilization and their contributions towards science and technology in the present world.Indians Contribution towards mathIn the period of 400 AD to 1200 AD, important contributions were do by scholars kindred Aryabhata, Brahmagupta and Bhaskara II. The decimal number system that we are using like a shot was kickoff recorded in Indian mathematics. Indian mathematicians made early contributions to the study of the concept of zero as a number, negative numbers, arithmetic, trigonometry and algebra formulae.Some of the areas of mathematics studied in ancient and medieval India includes arithmetical (decimal system, negative numbers, zeros, floating point numbers, number theory, infinity, transfinite numbers, irrational numbers), Geometry (square roots, cube roots, Pythagorean triples, transformation, Pascals triangle), Algebra (quadratic equations, qubic equations and quartic/biquadratic equations), Mathematical logic (formal grammars, formal language theory, the Panini-Backus form, recursion ), usual mathematics (Fibonacci numbers, earliest forms of Morse code, logarithms, indices, algorithms, algorism) and Trigonometry (trigonometric functions, trigonometric series).There are some evidences showing the application of mathematics by ancient Indians. Excavations at Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and other sites of the Indus Valley Civilization suffer uncovered evidence of the use of practical mathematics. Those people diligenced bricks whose dimensions were in the proportion 421, considered favourable for the stability of a brick structure. They used a standardized system of weights based on few ratios like 1/20, 1/10, 1/5 and etc. with the unit weight costling approximately 28 grams. They quid produced weights in regular geometrical shapes which included hexahedra, barrels, cones and cylinders, thereby demonstrating knowledge of introductory geometry.The inhabitants of Indus civilization also tried to standardize measurement of duration to a high degree of accuracy. They d esigned a ruler (the Mohenjo-daro ruler) whose unit of length (approximately 1.32 inches or 3.4 centimetres) was divided into ten equal parts. Bricks conciliated in ancient Mohenjo-daro often had dimensions that were integral multiples of this unit of length.Indians Contribution towards Constructions FieldThe Indus-Sarasvati (Harappan) Civilization was the worlds first to build planned towns with underground drainage, civil sanitation, hydraulic engineering, and air-cooling architecture. Weights and measurements were standardized and oven-baked bricks were invented in India using these guidelines. There are many pioneering (first to explore new ideas/ regularity) items of civil engineering such as drainage systems for water (open and closed), irrigation (water supply) systems, river dams, water stock tanks carved out of rock, granaries with ducts and platforms, moats (wide water channel dug surrounding a place), middle-class style homes with private bathrooms and drainage and even a dockyard (place to pertain ships).There is evidence of stairs for multiple-storied buildings. Many towns have separate citadels (military stronghold) potently fortified upper and lower towns. There are separate prole quarters near copper furnaces (place to heat material at precise high temperature). Indians also pioneered many engineering tools for construction, surgery, warfare, etc. This includes the hollow drill, the adjust saw and the needle with the hole on its pointed end.Indians Contribution through practise of MaterialsSince compress can be a secondary product of copper technology, its likely to be origin from India because copper was a well-known technology in many parts of ancient India. A smelting furnace dated 800 BCE is put in in Naikund (Maharashtra), India. Recent discoveries reveal that push was known in the Ganga valley. The Indian wootz leaf blade1 was genuinely popular in Persian courts for making swords.Rust-free steel was an Indian invention and r emained as an Indian skill for centuries. Delhis famous iron pillar, dated 402 CE is considered a metallurgical wonder and shows a very few signs of rust. The famous Damascus steel swords were made from Indian steel imported by Europeans. The acclaimed Sheffield steel in UK was Indian crucible steel. The exceed brains of European science worked for decades to learn to r foreverse-engineer how Indians made crucible steel and in this process, modern alloy design and physical metallurgy was developed in Europe.Another important Indian contribution to metallurgy was in the isolation, distillation and use of coat. From natural sources, zinc content in alloys such as brass can go no higher than 28 per cent. A major uncovering in the history of metallurgy was Indias discovery of zinc distillation whereby the metal was vaporize and then condensed back into pure metal.Brass in Taxashila has been dated from tercet century BCE to fifth century CE. The earliest confirmed evidence of zinc sm elting by distillation is Zawar. This is the earliest place for zinc smelting and production of gold zinc by distillation process anywhere in the world.Europeans learnt it for the first time in 1743, when expertise was transferred from India. Until then, India had been exporting pure zinc for centuries on an industrial scale. At archaeological sites in Rajasthan, retorts2 used for the distillation are found in very large numbers even today. erstwhile zinc had become separated into a pure metal, alloys could be made with the required zinc component to provide the required properties. For instance, strength and intensity level increase with higher zinc component. In addition, copper alloys look like gold when the zinc component is higher than 28 per cent. Most early brass objects found in other countries had less than 10 per cent zinc component, and, therefore, these were not based on zinc distillation technology.It was in Zawar, Rajasthan, where this first became industrialized on a large scale. Zinc mines have been found in Dariba (11th century BCE), Agucha (sixth century BCE) and Zawar (fifth century BCE). These mines have pots and other manufacturing tools of these dates, but the mining could be even older.Unsurprisingly, developments in metallurgy also had their advert on artillery (large guns) production. According to A. Rahman (Science in Medieval India), by the sixteenth century, the heaviest guns in the world were being cast in India and a variety of weapons were being manufactured in the subcontinent. The Jaigarh cannon factory was one of Indias best and in front the crucial battle of 1857, the Jaipur Rajputs laid claim to owning Asias largest cannon. Yet, none of the Rajput cannons were ever used to confront the British who succeeded in conquering the sub-continent without ever having to counterbalance against the countrys best equipped armies, thus demonstrating that technological progress is not an end in itself.Indians Contribution through Us age of Nature ResourcesMany arouse findings have recently come out about the way forests and trees were managed by each village and how a careful method was applied to draw medicines, firewood and building material in accordance with natural renewal rates.Discoveries concerning the manufacture and application of natural and artificial dyes were first implemented by Indians. turn back printing and dye and other textile-dyeing techniques were popularized. The use of mordants3 in colour-fast dyeing of textiles became known as did the knowledge of lacquers that could be applied to wood or leather. Paints that could be used on different building materials were developed and elaborate techniques were active to prevent fading and loss of colour during the heavy monsoons.Indian farmers developed non-chemical substance, eco-friendly pesticides and fertilizers that have modern applications. These traditional pesticides have been recently revived in India with excellent results, replacing Union Carbides4 products in certain markets. Crop rotary motion and soil technology that has been passed down for thousands of long time are traditional practices which India pioneered.Historically, Indias farming(a) production was large and sustained a huge population compared to other parts of the world. Surpluses (excess of production/supply) were stored for use in a drought year. plainly the British turned this industry into a cash cow, exporting very large amounts of grain even during food shortages. This caused tens of gazillions of Indians to die of starvation in the 19th century.Given the importance of fresh water in India, it is no surprise that the technologies to manage water resources were highly advanced from Harappan times onwards. For example, in Gujarat, Chandragupta built the Sudarshan Lake in late 4th century BCE, and was later resorted in 150 BCE by his grandson. Bhopals Raja Bhoj Lake, built in 1014-1053, is so great that it shows up in satellite images. Th e Vijayanagar Empire built such a large lake in 14th 15th century CE that it has more construction material than the Great Wall of China. Scientists estimate there were 1.3 million man-made water lakes and ponds across India, some as large as 250 square miles. These are now being rediscovered using satellite imagery. These enabled rain water to be harvested and used for irrigation, drinking, etc. till the following years rainfall.Indians Contribution towards Medical FieldGenuine cures were listed with unscientific practices without clear distinction. But during the rational period in India the emphasis on the scientific method led to a much greater level of accuracy with assess to the efficaciousness of different medicines and medical procedures.The more accurately the Indian medical practitioner was able to observe reality, understand bodily functions and test the efficacy of popular medical techniques, the more successful were the prescribed cures. Dissection of corpses and car eful observe of different diseases was an important component in the study and practice of medicine. With greater success in treatment came greater confidence and allowed medical practitioners to send surgical procedures using a variety of surgical tools though its simple in comparison to modern surgical equipment.Procedures for inducing unconsciousness or numbing body parts that were to be operated on were required and developed. Tools for excision, incision, puncturing, probing, electric organ or part extraction, fluid drainage, bloodletting, suturing and cauterization were developed. Various types of bandages and ointments were used as were basic procedures for ensuring cleanliness and limiting contamination. The caesarian section was known, bone-setting reached a high degree of skill, and plastic surgery developed far beyond anything known elsewhere at the time. Indian surgeons also became proficient at the repair of noses, ears and lips lost or injured in battle or by judic ially mandated mutilation.Traditional cataract surgery was performed with a special tool called the Jabamukhi Salaka, a curved needle used to loosen the lens and push the cataract out of the field of vision. Brahmanic hospitals were established in what is now Sri Lanka as early as 431 BCE. Ashoka also established a chain of hospitals throughout the Mauryan empire by 230 BCE. While all ancient societies cherished and admired the skills of the medical practitioner, it was the more determined adoption of the scientific approach that enabled Indian medicine to make a quantum leap over the older medical systems of the time.Progress in medicine also led to developments in chemistry and chemical technologies. The manufacture of alkaline substances, medicinal powders, ointments and liquids was systematized, as were chemical processes relating to the manufacture of glass. Advances in food processing (such as manufacture of sugar, condiments and edible oils) took place as did the manufacture of personal hygiene products and beauty aids (such as shampoos, deodorizers, perfumes and cosmetics).Indians Contribution towards Shipping, Trading, geographics and AstronomyShipbuilding was one of Indias major export industries until the British nullify it and officially prohibited it. Middle Age Arab sailors purchased their boats in India. The Portuguese also continued to get their boats from India and not Europe. Some of the worlds largest and most sophisticated ships were built in India and China.There is also extensive archival material on the Indian Ocean trade in Greek, Roman, and Southeast Asian sources. Indians are well known as traders of items like diamond, brass ornaments, gun powders, metal made swords, iron made indigo dye, copper, bronze, wootz steel, textiles, etc.Archaeologists have found geometric compasses which linear scales made of ivory. The compass and other navigation tools were already in use in the Indian Ocean long before Europe. Using their expertise in the science of seafaring, Indians participated in the earliest-known ocean-based trading system. fewer people know that an Indian naval pilot, named Kanha, was hired by Vasco da Gama to captain his ships and take him to India. Deep-sea shipping had existed in India as Indian ships had been sailing to islands such as the Andamans, Lakshdweep and Maldives around 2,000 years ago. Kautilya (sacred scripture) which describes the times that are good and bad for seafaring was used as guidance.Astronomy is one area which has fascinated all mankind from the beginnings of history. The first textual come to of astronomical concepts comes from the Vedas (religious literature of India). In India, the first references to astronomy are to be found in the Rig Veda which is dated around 2000 B.C. Vedic Aryans in fact deified (worshipped) the Sun, Stars and Comets.Indians also prepared lunar calendars which were based on lunar cycle. This type of calendar (lunar calendar) is still in use today. Acc ording to Sarma (2008) One finds in the Rigveda, intelligent speculations about the genesis (origin) of the universe from nonexistence (non-real), the condition of the universe, the spherical self-supporting earth, and the year of 360 days divided into 12 equal parts of 30 days each with a periodical intercalary (in leap years) month.Famous mathematician and astronomer, Aryabhata gave some great calculation regarding space that is near correct. He presented his theory of heliostat, which means that planets revolve around the sun. This theory was presented about a millennium before than the theory presented by Galileo. In twentieth century, world famous S Chandrashekhar presented his theory regarding black holes.References1 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_valley_civilization2 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indian_science_and_technology3 Aspects of Ancient Indian Technology H.C. Bhardwaj4 An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology edited by A.Ghosh garishness I5 http//yomi.mo bi/egate/History_of_Indian_science_and_technology/73/a6 http//dont-forget-your-passport.blogspot.com/2009/12/ancient-indias-contribution-to-science.html7 http//members.tripod.com/INDIA_RESOURCE/technology.htm8 http//www.indianchild.com/harappa.htm9 http//www.archaeolink.com/ancient_indus%20and%20indian%20civilizations_ancient_india.htm10 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions1 an exceptional grade of iron ore steel first made in southern and south key India and Sri Lanka perhaps as early as 300 BC2 a container used in distilling liquids3 combines with dye and fixes it in material4 one of the oldest chemical and polymer companies in the United States

The Growing Market Of Organic Clothing

The Growing Market Of Organic Clo occasionThis proposed cypher for paper is based on the growing foodstuff of absolute dress in UK agency and retail manufacturing. The complete persistence has started with the constitutional prov shuttinger beca rehearse mickle be truly much conscious(p) most a healthy lifestyle. But outright the consumers be come to about the milieu as wellspring. So the thorough industry has increased the range of reapings from viands to gifts, habiliment, accessories, skin c be products, beauty products baby and maternity products. Now fundamental fertilizer industry is be sexual climax popular in gamey streets and retailers absorbd that the consumers atomic number 18 looking forward for the ethic wholey sound spurt. Moreover government is real much concerned about the increasing UK landfill and they take for launched a hunt down for tackling the environmental involve of the current modal valuate culture. They want the retai lers to set up sustainable costume where people hobo use and shake off it without damaging the environment. The sporty throw onward turn ar adding to the landfill because these dress ar non eco friendly. So poisonous gases atomic number 18 emitting from these sites and harm the environment as well as living organisms. Though people argon aw be about all these things, constituent(a) attire ar non able to compete with the early(a)(a) materials. The entrance of extreme robes is a spick-and-span challenge for retailers, suppliers and in any case the endeavorers. The chinchy throwa appearance fit out argon fewer prices comp bed to natural dress. The of import problem which is passing to be discussed in this search is how sales of perfect clothes ar affected by cut-price throwa mood clothes and how we can make the constitutional fertilizer turn to an everyday reality? If cheaper clothes release the food trade place attraction, then essential cl othing pass on not be there in the future commercialise. So how organic fertilizer industry can be the market leaders and make it affordable and visualize everyone with its designs and prices. To give a detailed commentary about these problems the look forer impart assess the challenges liner by organic clothing industry shows the relation of organic and other cloths and overly the benefits of organic clothing.This search involves the analysis of how cheap regular clothing affects organic clothing industry and environment, challenges facing by organic clothing and as well the future of organic clothing industry in the matched retail market. Below ar the following masterminds of this research Analysing the impact of cheap regular clothing industry over organic clothing industry. Consumer awareness about the benefits of buying organic clothes outline of sales prospects for organic clothing and its future to establish a sustainable market share. Environmental impact a nd the consequences on backholders due to cheap clothing market. Below listed are the objectives which are the main focus of this research and it depends on the above call forthed aims. Understanding the honorable fashion and the importance of biodegradable clothes. labor and the influence involved in the manufacturing of organic clothing Consumer deportment in fashion and retail industry Market of cheaper clothes affecting the festering of organic clothing industry. Better selling strategy for easy cleverness of organic clothing in to the fashion industry 2) Research methodological analysisThis following section talks about the method which has been implemented for the pop the question of conducting this research. Each methods and its performance go forth be described and likewise the reasons for utilize these methods and techniques. Towards the end of this research paper, restrictive weakness regarding the applied methods and techniques pass on be explained briefly. there are two methods of research and that is inductive and deductive. In inductive method general principles are structure up from detailed observations. The deductive research approach is a method which is expanded on the bottom of general principles from the exact expectations of hypothesis.Types of researchThere are 2 types of selective knowledge arrangement method in a market research and that is soft research method and quantitative research method. When the two methods of research unite, the burden of research can be much useful. soft research soft research is used to helper us understand how people notion and wherefore they feel as they do. It is concerned with collecting in-depth t all(prenominal)ing enquire questions such(prenominal) as why do you say that? Samples tend to be smaller compared with quantitaive projects that include much larger samples. Depth inter opinions or conference discussions are two common methods used for collecting soft breeding. ht tp//www.marketresearch reality.net Qualitative is a kind of scientific research and this investigates the theatre of operationss which give answers to the question, collect evidences, set off findings etc. it takes research worker to the deeper truth of the topic. It gives a proper understanding of a prone research topic from the perspective point of view of the neighbourhood which is involved. Qualitative research is an effectual method to gain information about the opinion, value and behaviour of the population. Qualitative research come throughs appropriate answers to the question given by the researcher and as well as gives about valuable evidence which w sproutethorn not get from other methods.Quantitative researchQuantitative research is a research method that relies less on interviews, observations, small verse of questionnaires, focus groups, subjective reports and case studies that is much more concentrate on the collection and analysis of numerical entropy a nd statistics.(paranormality.com, 2009)This is a research method which pass on measure the peoples reaction in a peculiar(prenominal) style. That means the way of life they venture, feel, act and it provides the information in a statistical and numerical way. The common methods used in quantitative researches are experiments, documentary, come etc which will give a statistical and numerical selective information for a final judgement. Qualitative research will gain some information to form theories and those theories can be tested with quantitative research. In this research the beginning has used both qualitative and quantitative research methods. There are true reasons why the researcher has used both qualitative and quantitative methods in this research paper. That is given below.The researcher will be conducting interviews with an online retailer of organic products to collect information which will make the topic clearer to the reader. This will be both qualitative and quantitative data collection method.There are questionnaires to customers which are used to collect some data from the customers point of view. This is quantitative in character but when the researcher gives explanation to it, turns to be qualitative and quantitative ending.Research strategyThis is an area where the researcher is going to discuss about the research strategy that is used for conducting the research. The information about research strategy in the website www.lib.unca.edu shows that research strategy will give right civiliseions to the work and will make researcher to do the research systematically instead of arbitrarily. It reduces the frustration of the author, saves time and also rectifys the feel of the research.Here the researcher has taken retail clothing industry and in that, organic clothing market as a foc use area to find out the challenges and caper issues which they are facing. The research is not make on a crabbed organization or a lodge but the res earcher has approached an organic retailer to collect some information and data for an in-depth subscribe to of the topic. With all these information, the researcher tried to analyse the militant states of the clothing industry, the difference between the throwaway clothes and the organic clothes and its benefits, the environmental set up, easy penetration, product developments and innovation, future of organic clothes market, set strategies etc.Data collection methodsHere the researcher would give a detailed description about the data collection methods which is used in this research. There are two types of data collection methods. They are old data collection method and secondary data collection method. immemorial data collection methodsIn primary data collection method, data is collected by the author by utilise certain methods deal interviews, surveys, questionnaires, focus group interviews, case studies etc. the very Copernican thing to be noticed in this is, the data wh ich is collected by the author for the purpose research should not be taken from any books or from others works. It should be unique until it publishes. The primary data may be qualitative in its behaviour or can be quantitative. Here the researcher has collected primary data by taking interviews and questionnaires.IntroductionWhat is organics?The organic foundation is detailed and compound with governments, businesses, organisations and other individuals from many part of the world who attempts to generate an agreement on what has to be organic. For eg. Organic food production, the domain and agriculture is do by using the system that stay away from any kind of artificial interference. These method of organics doesnt harm the environment as well as wildlife by avoiding the use of pesticides and fertilisers and if necessary antibiotics can be used. The whole bringing close together is to work in accord with the nature using the techniques and tools which nature offer instead of dominating and destroying the nature with man- do fertilisers and pesticides.clothing with scruples-organic clothing.Organic clothing is becoming a trend in amply street. The variety of organic clothing is massive and it starts from organic sportswear to wickedness wears. Most of the people go for shopping and buy things which magnetize their eye without a second thought of who do that and what it is made up of or where are they coming from. But nowadays there are consumers who are conscious about their healthy life style as well as environment. And that is the reason behind the rise of organic cotton plant and becoming trade clothing.People are al slipway fashion conscious and to each one season leap from one trend to another trend because the retailers in senior exalted streets are imitating the newest catwalk looks. But now the high street retailers are into another trend that is organic materials. Though they are trying to make the organic trend popular there are lot of c hallenges facing by organic world of clothing. This research goes through that challenges and difficulties facing by organic clothing industry and appears with some findings which provides an answer for organic materials are just a pricey opulence for well-off or will it mature into a high street reality? if the retailers can provide the customers with eco friendly and goodly sound apparels and get them into fashion stakes, then organic clothes can become an everyday realism.Production of organic clothes is done by using sustainable resources like hemp, silk, organic cotton, bamboo fabric and linen. The harvesting and the production process should not affect the environment and the skirt or benignant being. Organic clothing does not include unless food, sandals or t-shirts. It includes a wide range of clothing which we can imagine in other fabrics. There are reusable nappies for babies. There is a good market for baby products by organic industry. Naturally produced materials a re very grand for babys health and skin. The fabrics which are chemically treated can irritate the baby skin because they are delicate. For lawsuit cotton fabrics, everyone hypothesise it is pure, safe and comfortable for people in any climate but it is shocking when we look into the production methods of this fabrics. So by purchasing organic materials we support a secure and eco friendly working practices, protecting the environment from toxic waste, saving the life of living beings and as well as getting a healthier life style for ourselves.The retailers are commit lot of money for producing honorablely sound fashion. Marks Spencer and its suppliers fix started maturation eco factories to make a way for distinguishable process of sustainable manufacturing. They harbor realised that the customers want clothes which are not exactly look good or feel good but also should not leave harmful effects in the environment.Literature review honourable fashionAccording to ethicalf orum.com honourable fashion represents an approach to the design, sourcing and manufacture of clothing which maximizes benefits to people and communities while minimizing impact on the environment. The meaning of ethical goes beyond doing no harm, representing an approach which strives to take an active role in poverty decrement, sustainable livelihood creation, minimizing and counteracting environmental concerns. It covers a range of issues such as working conditions, exploitation, fair trade, sustainable production, the environment, and animal welfare. (ethicalfashionforum.com, 2009)Ethical fashion is delineate as an approach to the manufacture, source of clothing and also designs range which has to be aware of society and environment and also sustainable. Ethical fashion and its products should do the promotion of eco friendly materials and the process of production should not harm the environment. It also has to provide fair wage and fair working atmosphere for the employees in the industry.There are two areas to focus when we talk about ethical fashion, environment and the people or giving preference to organic measuring and fair-trade standard. Fair-trade standards are about the employees who make the clothes and who fabricate the raw materials. universal there are more than 30million cotton farmers. Much of the materials are coming from developing countries. This fair-trade ensures that the workers are given a fair pay and also exploit child weary. It also ensures the working condition and the atmosphere.Basically ethical fashion respects the nature and the earth. Cotton cultivation will defile the atmosphere. Cotton cultivation aims eight times more chemicals than what we use on a normal food crop. This pollutes air, soil and river. It also affects the people who are working in this field. A large percentage of terminal is happening every course due to pesticides in the cotton field. ump teeing groundn pesticides are used unnecessarily. We c an protect the cotton by using soap, garlic, chilli etc. Rest chemicals are used at the time of processing and dyeing the fabric. hotshot caller-up approximation is almost 8000 types of chemicals are used to produce a t-shirt. Ethical fashion is clothing which is made with fair-trade organic cotton where in sweatshop free conditions. This is a growth market and it is slowly finding its way to high streets. Ethical fashion mention the way fashion industry currently works and the problems such as labour exploitation, environmental destruction, cruelty towards animal etc. It is very important for the people to know the need of ethical fashion in todays world. The organic industry has to find a permanent market place in retail industry and fancy people with its quality, benefits, designs, price etc. So ethical fashion has to be encouraged by the government, retailers, suppliers and the consumers, who are the stake holders and this can give a crack living condition, health and a good lifestyle. This is a great challenge for the designers to promote ethical fashion by getting the newest trends to the organic fabrics like organic cotton, hemp, bamboo fabrics etc.The way a chair breaks up space or a shape uping cuts into the sky with so many different views is how I feel a garment relates to the body, says Brooklyn designer Nina Valenti, who launched the sustainable line nature vs future in 2002. I design pieces that have a fond line, form and texture. (organicconsumers.org, 2009)The designers are trying to widen the range of designing in organic clothes. For causa designs of Nina Valenti, her clothes has gathers, pleats, stiffness, slits etc and she uses the fabrics like organic cotton, hemp, wool and also the fabric made from recycled soda bottle. If the consumers understand the difference between organic and cheap clothes and if they are getting the vast variety of products based on their demand, the eco fashion will be a turning point to the todays fast fash ion culture and organic clothing industry will turn to be everyones choice.BrandingFamous trade author Kotler saysA name, term, symbol or design (or combination of them) which is intended to signify the goods or services of one trafficker or groups of sellers and to differentiate them from those of the competitors. (Groucutt, 2005)Here it gives a proper understanding that stigmatisation is not about achieving the target market and be the market leader but it is about receiving the outlook to see the blur as that is the only thing which gives solution to the consumers problems. Branding creates many challenges to the marketers. To get success in branding the brand should have clear prospects about the needs and wants of the consumers. It is important to spend some time for defining, understanding, researching and then building a brand. A brand is a kind of promise which is given to the consumers and it is also a foundation in the selling communication. Before branding was just naming for the customers to differentiate one product from another. Gradually people became brand conscious and they started rating the products with the brand name. Then marketers started creating effective brands. Now every heavens has got brands and people choose the products with the brand names. In the case of organic clothes there are lot of brands like Eden clothing, Edun, rain tee etc and there are designers as well to encourage eco fashion. But remedy ethical fashion is not able to compete with the larger brands. The organic brands are targeting niche group of green consumers instead of mainstream brands consumers. There are some ethical fashion brands that are no-hit in the way they are communicating with the target consumers. Patagonia is one of them who became an international brand. But now the retailers have worked out another way to penetrate organic clothing in to the market. They are promoting eco friendly clothes as a different section of the existent brands. F or example Nike, Levis, MS etc, these brands are taking a significant pace to progress the organic industry to the mainstream. These global brands are producing profit of multimillion pounds every year by using sweatshop labour in developing countries. After decades, the brands like Nike, Gap etc have admitted that the employees have been maltreat and exploited by force labour in the factories. So they promised that they will improve the working condition for a lot of people who are not paid well to produce their super demanded goods. There are lot of factors which affect the purchasing habit of the consumers. Though they are concerned about the environment and social problems, there are lot more reasons for the consumers to select a particular brand or the product. As the high streets are welcoming ethical fashions or organic clothing, there are some changes in consumers buying behavior. They are being responsible socially and culturally. The marketers are aware of this situation and even they are making changes to the existing brand to make sure that they are ethical in the way they process.Ethical marketing and advertisingEthical marketing frames messages in a way that the consumer identifies with. It encourages companies to integrate cultural, social, economic and environmental values into their culture, strategy and actions, and reinforces the positive values of the brand, creating a strong citizen brand. This is all done on a voluntary basis, and is generally an offering above and beyond statutory requirements. by means of the effective use of ethical marketing and corporate social responsibility, companies are able to positively contribute to society and manage the environmental impact of their organisation, whilst maintaining and even growing the contribution to their bottom line. It can have direct benefits on businesses and can help secure long-term competitiveness. (grassrootsideas.co.uk, 2009)Ethical marketing is be as applying marketing ethics into the process of marketing. Ethical marketing comes in a socially, culturally responsible and sensitive business area. It is an exam from the moral point of a marketing issue which needs a moral judgment. The survival of human race for long period and the successful future basically depends on accepting these concepts or refuse them. Ethical marketing should also have an observation whether the representation or marketing of a product or service has reached in a mannequin where social and cultural values meet. It is a business which makes its own way of marketing ethics and uses this code in every portion of business process which gives ability to offer valuable benefits to the customers. The consumers have to realise this competitive advantage. The ethical issues like child labour, the employers working condition, the environmental problems etc made the world think that they are more responsible socially and culturally. This pressured the companies and made them market their s ervices and products which is socially moral and responsible. The best example for ethical marketing is the increasing demand of fair-trade. The whole idea of this fair-trade is, consumers pay a certain amount for the goods to a group of producers and the producers offer fair wages to employers and also preserve the environment. This sets up a trade which is ethically sound.The main aim of ethical marketing is to achieve customer loyalty by reinforcement positive values of a brand to make it a strong citizen brand. Though it is a new method of process which forms new challenges for the marketers, this will pressurize in developing products which gives long term benefits without any reduction of quality of the products. Ethical marketing comes in the picture when the marketers and the organisation realise that more improvements has to be done for making a better human life possibilities. Some companies like Coop Group have scorn to invest money in business of fur, tobacco etc. In t he case of organic clothing a strong awareness has to be done to improve the sales and the demand. The retailers of organic clothes have to be more concentrated in the way they market they products.In highly developed markets where consumers are often cynical about brands, ledger of peach is increasingly the main source of recommendation. And the brands most likely to be recommended are from companies that are ethical in the way they behave. With the explosion of blogs and online social networking, word of mouth has become one of the most potent brand heed tools available. There is no longer anywhere to hide-your brand will be found out and rejected unless you commit to ethical business and marketing practices. (The Marketing Society Forum, 2009)As we mentioned above developed markets will have consumers who are more conscious about the brands. Word of mouth has become an effective marketing tool in todays world. This has become powerful with the help of online social networking, creating blogs etc. The brands need recommendation from the companies to be shown that they are ethical in all the ways. Each brand has got its own production ways and marketing. They have to make sure that they are processing their business in a social responsible way. It should be acceptable culturally and socially. For example Gap, the brand which had highest turnover, they got a black mark when the brand name was think to child labour practices in the manufacturing state. This has affected their sales and the retailer Zara had hit the highest turnover label in the following year. Also Gap had to call for those items from the sale which they used child labour. All western clothing twine makes their production process in Asia. They take the advantage of cheap labour providing by Asian countries like India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, China, Indonesia etc. So the way they process should be ethical in all the ways because there are consumers who encourage ethically sound business and i ts marketing. In this instance each brands can encourage the organic clothing industry by providing organic clothes with their brand name. In UK like places people are very much conscious about the newest fashion as well the brand which they wear. So if every brands make their clothes eco friendly, that means they are being fair towards the human and the society as well. Consumers are acquiring better quality products which dont harm their skin and the environment. Through effective advertisement organic retailers can make everyone aware of the importance of organic clothes in todays era. The government and the marketers have launched campaigns to give awareness about eco fashion and also to undertake environmental impact of fast fashion culture. Organic consumers sleeper launched global campaign to raise the awareness of negative health and environmental effects of cheaper clothes and its production process. Then we can make ethical fashion an everyday reality.Market leadershipMa rket leadership is ordinarily understood in terms of the specify of a given company within an industry or market, based on three factors. When find whether a corporation can properly be referred to as a market leader, the favorableness of the company will play a major role. Along with how profitable the company happens to be, the market share volume and value will also be considered. (wisegeek.com, 2009)In the above sentence it is explained that an industry, market or an organizations position in the market is depends on three points. That is profitability, market share, market volume. But now the market is more competitive and the competitors are also high in number. So there are some more points which have to be added to get a market leadership like innovations and developments, advertising, branding, quality, price etc.Fashion is a very anthropoid industry, says Scott Hahn, who launched Loomstate, an American organic cotton denim line, to the likes of Harrods and Selfridges last year. There are a few pioneers and other brands follow. For some its because they think organic cotton is trendy now that its escaped its tree-hugger image. But more I think are now doing so for the right reasons. (organicconsumers.org, 2009)In the case of organic industry, the organic clothes have penetrated to the market. To increase their market volume, share and profitability and be a market leader they need to do innovations, product development, pricing and advertising. Advertising and promoting the product is a very important and effective marketing tool to get the consumers attention. There are some consumers who are concerned about the environment as well as they has recognise the benefits of using organic clothing. It is not only an understanding about the benefits of organic clothing but they also have to know the harmful effects of cheaper clothes to the environment and to the health of human beings. The BBC has released news about the environmental problems and U K landfill due to the growing sales of cheaper throwaway clothes. According to the survey done by the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) says the clothing and textiles domain in the UK produces around 3.1m tonnes of carbon dioxide, 2m tonnes of waste and 70m tonnes of waste water per year. Gases such as CO2, emitted by fossil fuel burning, and methane, released from landfill sites, are widely believed to be contributing to global warming. (bbc.co.uk, 2009)UK ministers told that the consumers should make sure that the production, selling and disposal of clothes are not harming the environment as well as not exploiting the workers by the use of poor labour practices. The fashion has to be more sustainable throughout the whole process which includes design, production, selling and disposing. The whole idea is to get the attention of consumers to make them understand the negative impact of cheap throwaway clothes which is highly in demand in the high streets of U K but this is making a way to increase the landfill in UK. The campaigns launched by the government and clothing associations were useful to make consumers aware about why to use organic clothes. Through these campaigns the retailers of organic clothing and the government is aiming to build a highly demand market for eco-fashion. To enter in a vast market like fashion or clothing industry, need to plan highly competitive business strategies. Marketing and advertising alone will not make the organic clothes sustain in the market and capturing the market to be a market leader. From the perspective view of new entrance like organic clothes, entering a drenched market with limited designs wouldnt make a difference in the market and wont get an entrance easily. The entrance of Body Shop to the market is the best example here. Anita Roddick has entered in the cosmetic market where lots of high end brands are competing each other. But her innovative idea of handstitched and natural cosm etic products attracted the customers and gave body shop a permanent position in the market.According to a study done by oka (Organic Consumers Association) sales of organic cotton is doubling every year. Sales of organic cotton are set to triple to $2.6 billion at the end of 2008 from its current $900 million level as retailers and brands make significant new commitments to sustainable textile and apparel production. (organicconsumers.org, 2009)There is lot of brands like Nike, Timberland, MarksSpencer, Wal-mart etc have already opened organic lines they were joined by Reebok, CA etc as new comers. The market of organic cotton is widening every year and it also attracts the global investors. In this situation the only issue which is deplorable is the availability of fiber to satisfy the increasing demand for cotton and other organic fabrics. It is a known factor from these reports that organic industry is going to be a good competitor in the fashion and retail world in the coming years.Consumer behaviourBlackwell et al said, Consumer behaviour is defined as activities people undertake when btaining, consuming and disposing of products and services.(Blackwell et al, 2001).Consumer behaviour is a study of buying behaviour of the customers in the market that means what consumers are buying, why they are buying. Better understanding of the consumer behaviour will help organisations to improve the products and services and also their business, marketing strategies. This will influence consumers to buy that particular product. In the case of organic clothing, they attract the consumers by quality and the foppish designs of the products. The consumers are aware that organic products are good for health and skin. So they started getting attracted to the food products firstly and then to baby products. Much of the consumers are worried about the delicate skin of the babies, so they go organic especially nappies which can be recycled. Here comes the importance of th e study of consumer behaviour.One official definition of consumer behavior is The study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. (consumerpsychologist.com, 2009)Understanding consumer behaviour will help to develop the marketing strategies like pricing, segmentation, targeting, product designing, positioni

The Ideology Of The Ruling Party Politics Essay

The Ideology Of The Ruling Party Politics examineIndia with a population of roughly a billion and an electorate of any everyplace 700 angiotensin-converting enzyme thousand thousand is the worlds tumidst nation and, for each(prenominal) its faults and flaws, this re frequentan dust stands in marked line of descent to the democratic snapures of Pakistan and Bangladesh which were furtherewell of India until 1947.Unlike the American policy-making system and the British policy-making system which inbredly maintain existed in their current configuration for centuries, the Indian semipolitical system is a oft untold novel construct dating from Indias independency from Britain in 1947. The current constitution came into posture on 26 November 1950 and advocates the trinity of justice, liberty and equality for any citizens.In stark contrast with the current constitution of Japan which has remained un falsifyd, the constitution of India has been angiotensin-conve rting enzyme of the most amended discipline documents in the world with much than 80 changes. galore(postnominal) of these amendments declare resulted from a gigantic-running dispute involving the Parliament and the Supreme appeal everyplace the rights of parliamentary sovereignty as they clash with those of judicial review of laws and constitutional amendments.Indias lower category, the Lok Sabha, is modelled on the British reside of Commons, further its federal official system of regimen borrows from the experience of the United States, potada and Australia.THE EXECUTIVE BRANCHThe fasten on aim of assure in India is the chair. This is normally a ceremonial role, originally modelled on the British monarch to advise, encourage and warn the choose administration on constitutional effects. The President can re fun a Parliamentary calling card once for reconsideration and, in seasons of crisis such(prenominal) as a hung Parliament, the role is pivotal. The Presi dent can decl ar a nation of extremity which en competents the Lok Sabha to bleed its life-time beyond the normal five-year term.As members of an electoral college, around 4,500 members of the national parliament and state legislators argon eligible to vote in the election of the President. The Indian Presidency has recently attracted special attention because for the start-off time a woman now occupies the role Pratibha Patil who was conformityerly governor of the northern Indian state of Rajasthan. there is also the post of Vice-President who is elective by the members of an electoral college consisting of both houses of parliament. The Vice-President chairs the the upper house called the Rajya Sabh.The head of the organization is the run a basis parson of religion who is appointed by the President on the nominating speech of the majority caller in the lower house or Lok Sabha. currently the anthesis curate is Manmohan Singh of the ruling United Progressive hampe r.Key features of the Prime Minister (head of government)Commander in Chief of the military and acts as crowning(prenominal) military authority.Through the cabinet proposes the bulk of legislation to the House of the plentyActs as the head of the Majority party in the House of the nation and is installed.No term limit and can be removed done a vote of no confidence.Key Features of the President (head of state) key features elective to 5 year call.Ceremonially appoints the Prime MinisterAppoints the Cabinet MinistersCan dissolve the Lok Sabha after the Prime minister loses a vote of no confidence.Can decl are national state of emergency or presidential rule of a state.Ministers are then appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister and these ministers collectively comprise the Council of Ministers.THE legislative BRANCHThe lower house in the Indian political system is the Lok Sabha or House of the People. As stick out in the Constitution, the uttermost size of the Lok Sabha is 552 members, made up of up to 530 members representing people from the states of India, up to 20 members representing people from the Union Territories, and two members to represent the Anglo-Indian community if it does non have adequate imitation in the house according to the President. before long the size of the house is 545 made up of 530 elected from the states, 13 elected from the territories, and two nominal from the Anglo-Indian community. By far the largest state representation is that of Uttar Pradesh with 80 members. At the a nonher(prenominal) end of the scale, three states have except one representative each. there are certain constituencies where scarcely candidates from schedule casts and scheduled tribes are allowed to stand.Each member except the two nominated ones represents a geographical undivided-member constituency as in the British model for the House of Commons.Each Lok Sabha is formed for a five year term, after which it is mechanically dissolved, unless extended by a Proclamation of Emergency which whitethorn extend the term in one year increments. This has happened on three cause 1962-1968, 1971 and 1975-1977.Elections are a huge and daedal affair which nationwide are held in five seperate rounds taking a total of 28 days. affiliate Lok SabhaThe upper house in the Indian political system is the Rajya Sabha or Council of States. As set out in the Constitution, the Rajya Sabhahas has up to 250 members. 12 of these members are chosen by the President for their ener totalic-wittedise in specific palm of art, literature, science, and social services. These members are existn as nominated members. The remainder of the house currently comprising 238 members is elected indirectly by the state and territorial law-makerss in proportion to the units population. Again, of course, the largest state representation is that of Uttar Pradesh with 31 members. The method of election in the local legislature s is the single transferable vote.Terms of office are for cardinal eld, with one third of the members facing re-election every two years. The Rajya Sabha looks in unremitting session and, dissimilar the Lok Sabha, it is non subject to dissolution.Link Rajya SabhaThe two houses piece legislative powers, except in the area of supply (money) where the Lok Sabha has overriding powers. In the case of conflicting legislation, a union sitting of the two houses is held. If at that place is a conflict which cannot be resolved operate down by the joint committee of the two houses, it is solved in the joint session of the Parliament, where the result of the Lok Sabha nigh always prevails, since the Lok Sabha is more than than twice as large as the Rajya Sabha.POLITICAL PARTIESIn India, political parties are either a subject Party of a State Party. To be considered a national Party, a political party has to be recognised in four or more states and to be either the ruling party o r in the op set up in those states.Ever since its formation in 1885, the Indian National intercourse (INC) and its victoryor has been the dominant political party in India. For its counterbalance six decades, its focussing was on campaigning for Indian independence from Britain. Since independence in 1947, it has sought to be the governing party of the nation with ingeminate success.As a result, for most of its democratic history, the Lok Sabha has been dominated by the Indian sexual congress Party which has been in power for a great shoot of the time. However, since the relation back Party mixed-up power in 1989, no single party has been able to secure an overal majority in the Lok Sabha, making alinements inevitable. Also, unlike Japan where the Liberal Democrat Party has been in power to the highest degree continuously, carnal knowledge has had (usually short) effects out of power, between 1977-1980, 1989-1991 and 1996-2004.The original Congress Party espoused damp en socialism and a planned, mixed economy. However, its spin-off and successor, Congress (I) I in honour of Indira Gandhi now supports deregulation, privatisation and foreign investment.While the Congress Party has historically dominated Indian politics, the leadinghip of the Congress Party in turn has been dominated by one family Jawaharlal Nehru, Indias first Prime Minister, served for 17 years his daughter Indira Gandhi later became Prime Minister his grandson Rajiv Gandhi was also Prime Minister currently the widow of Rajiv Gandhi, the Italian-born Sonia Gandhi holds the position as Congress President although she has refused to hold the post of Prime Minister and her son Rahul Gandhi is a Member of Parliament, period her daughter Priyanka Gandhi is an active political campaigner.The Indian Congress Party is the starring(p) party in the Centre-Left political coalition called the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) which embraces a total of 16 parties.The other major, but mor e recently-established, political party in India is the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Created in 1980, it represents itself as a genius of the socio- phantasmal cultural values of the boorishs Hindu majority and advocates conservative social policies and starchy national defence. The BJP, in alliance with several other parties, led the government between 1998-2004.The Bharatiya Janata Party is the leading party in the safe-wing political coalition called the National Democratic Alliance (NDA). When it was originally founded in 1998, in that location were 13 parties in the coalition but currently there are eight.A Third Front is a grouping centred on the Communists.THE juridical BRANCHThe Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in civil, evil and constitutional cases. The court consists of up to 26 judges, including the Chief Justice of India, all of whom are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. They serve until the age of 65.THE ST ATESIndia is a huge country both demographically and geographically and consequently it operates a federal system of government. Below the national level, there are 28 States and seven-spot Union Territories.The largest of Indias states is Uttar Pradesh (UP) in the north of the country. With over 175 million inhabitants, UP is the most populous state in India and is also the most populous country subdivision in the world. On its own, if it was an independent nation, this state would be the worlds sixth biggest country. Only China, India itself, the United States, Indonesia and brazil have a higher population.In Indian general elections, it fills more than one-seventh of the seats in Indias Parliament and, such is the states rank-based and most(prenominal)times carmine politics that, currently a quarter of UPs MPs face condemnable charges.Over the years, India has evolved from a highly centralised state dominated by one political party to an increasingly fragmented nation, mor e and more influenced by regional parties and more and more governed locally by crank multi-party alliances. In the General Election of 2009, Congress and the BJP faced each other in only seven of the 28 States elsewhere, one of the two national parties faced a regional party.CONCLUSIONPolitics in India is much rougher and much more corrupt that in the democracies of Europe and North America. policy-making assassination is not un ballpark the revered Mahatma Gandhi in 1948, the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1984, and the Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1991 were all killed by assassins. Communal, caste and regional tensions continue to haunt Indian politics, sometimes threatening its long-standing democratic and secular ethos.Recent years have seen the emergence of so-called RTI activists tens of thousands of citizens, frequently poor, sometimes almost illiterate, frequently highly motivated who use the Right To Information legislation of 2005 to promote transparency and attac k corruption in public institutions. In the first five years of the legislation, over a million RTI requests were filed and so threatening to authority have some of the RTI activists set some that a upshot of have been murdered.(B) The political orientation of the ruling partypolitical parties in India love to talk about political theory. Each political party is supposed to have an ideology. So even if a political party does not have any ideology, it ordain never say so. If you were to contract probing questions about a partys ideology to a staunch stalwart of the party, you would either be bombarded with a short, nebulous and high-sounding label or be told that the ideology is too complex for anyone to understand so rapidly and one would need to spend a few years in the party to really understand the ideology of the party.The mystification of ideology goes stand in Indian history to Gandhi. From around 1920 to 1947, Gandhi rule over Indian political scene through the id eologic direction that he provided to Congress. Gandhian ideology was supposed to be very simple, based as it was on just two simple principles of truth and non-violence. Yet, it was not so simple. Nobody, during Gandhis time (and even after his death), could claim to have silent Gandhian ideology completely. Followers of Gandhi would claim their degree of understanding of the ideology based on the years they had fatigued with Gandhi. Ideology of Gandhi consisted of all that he spoke over the years. If there was an internal inconsistency or contradiction in his utterances or actions, it was not for a Gandhian to question it. All that an ordinary pestilent could do was to just look with reverence at all that Gandhi did. If Gandhi deviated from what he had said in the past times, it was hailed as development of Gandhian thought and was acclaimed as an experiment with truth. On the other hand, if anyone else moved a step beyond literal words of Gandhi, it was condemned.Gandhi was su rely a great leader. But his ideology did not brave out past him. Even his brightest follower, whom he liked most, did not follow his ideology. Nehrus dreams of modern India had nothing Gandhian about them. As long as Gandhi lived, for Congressmen, sole source of ideology was Gandhi. After Gandhis death this position channeled on to Nehru. After Nehru, there was a brief interlude when Lal Bahadur Shastri in his position as the sole fountainhead of Congress ideology announced Jai Jawan, Jai Kissan. Soon after the interlude, Indira Gandhi stepped in. Her vision of socialism was a departure from Gandhi, Nehru and Lal Bahadur Shastri. such(prenominal) departures did not bother Congressmen who, by that time, knew only one ideology chief is always right.Less than a decade after Indira Gandhis death, a Congress Prime Minister initiated reforms and demolished licence-permit-quota-raj reinforced assiduously by Indira Gandhi and Nehru. The similar Congressmen, who had been declaring thei r unflinching loyalty to Nehru-Indira ideology, now were the champions of economic reforms, liberalization and globalization. Temples of modern India, built as part of Nehrus vision, were to be sold as part of disinvestment and Congress was applauding. The irony is that the author of economic reforms has now get the prime minister of India with support of socialist and communistic parties. He continues to talk of reforms in the similar breath as reservations for backward classes in private sector.ideologic contradictions have never bothered Congress. The party has evolved through contradictions and probably that is its greatest strength. disregardless of all that Congress leaders may roar from public platforms, the essential ideology of Congress is pragmatism. Cynics might say that pragmatism is a fantastic word for collective unbridle pursuit of self-interest. But that is just some other way of looking at Congress, which claims to be a party that knows how to rule. It is a party that knows how to mould itself to suit the circumstances. If it sees wide support for Hindutwa, it get out throttle to the Hindu bandwagon. One cannot forget that Rajiv Gandhi took the lead in production of TV serials like Ramayan and Mahabharat and Sardar Patel took the initiative for reconstruction of Somnath temple. On the other hand if Moslem fundamentalism is the flavour of the month, Congress can even get parliament to pass a law that overrules a Supreme Court judgement.Being on the right side of the ideological divide, in line with changing times, is a natural gift of the Congress. The party can be distinguishable things to different persons and no one can afford to make a flat statement about the ideology of Congress. As they say, it is so profound and complex that you will need to devote a lifetime to understand it and may be even then you would still not have understood it. Of course, if you are fortunate enough to become President of All India Congress Committee and Prime Minister of India, every statement you make will be accorded the status of Biblical truth.There are a large number of Indian parties, which are just clones of Congress. close to of them are regional parties. They have failed to become national parties because (a) they are unable to match the stag goodwill that Congress enjoys and (b) they do not have the resources that Congress commands. Many of them are successful in their region because their leaders are able to maintain a closer (compared to Congress and other national parties) adjoin with local aspirations and are able to better satisfy the collective unbridled pursuit of self-interest of the breed that is known in right aways India as political fiddleers.The importance of this breed cannot be overemphasized. Socialist thinkers (Ram Manohar Lohia and others) drew from this breed and created a sub-breed called socialists. This sub-segment is characterized by extreme individualism. For socialists, the pursuit of s elf-interest is hardly collective. Socialists get unneurotic and separate at such a quick pace that one loses track of who is in which party. Their individualism gets a collective tinge in the form of catering to family ties and caste interests. India is probably the only country where all socialist parties are casteist. There are also caste-based parties whose only ideological commitment is catering to the interests of one or more set of castes. much(prenominal) caste-based parties also often paint themselves with socialist colours.Caste as a reality of Indian politics has not spared even the communists. Yet, it must be admitted that communists remain the only group in Indian political jungle with a fairly well defined ideology. Of course, having an ideology is different from future(a) it. Communism, as propounded by Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin or Mao Tse Tung, is a dictatorship of the proletariat. Its foundation in a free democracy with mixed economy is an anachronism. For t he past five decades, Indian communist parties have been trying to come to terms with existence in a democratic society. Till the collapse of Soviet Union, at least one of the Communist parties received indirect fiscal and moral support from Soviet Union. The fall of Soviet Union was a big blow for Indian communists in more ways than one. To survive, almost all communist parties have turned lobbyists for organized labour. Most public sector units and a few large private sector industries have communist clientele unions. These trade unions provide the funds for running of communist parties in India. Dictatorship of the proletariat has, hence, turned into pressure tactics and lobbying for more and more benefits for the pampered unproductive workers of unprofitable public sector industries. If providing these benefits makes it necessary to subvert higher taxes on the proletariat, the communists do not mind it. According to Marx, industrialisation was a necessary perquisite for commun ism. Indian communists have, however, led to a practical(prenominal) stoppage of industrialization in the two states of Kerala and West Bengal where they have ruled for a long time.The communist political worker is not much different from the general breed of self-interest driven political workers. A few years back, an erstwhile close friend moved from existence a full time worker of a communist trade union to Bharatiya Janata Party via Hindujas (a well-known business family). He was welcomed with open blazon by the top brass of BJP. Today, he is part of the topmost echelons of BJP. Most people are surprised by, what they see as, his ideological roll over. The fact is that in the ideology-less world of Indian politics, there is a good demand for expert players who can play this game with aplomb without any pangs of conscience.Till a few years back, BJP did not recruit from the floating pool of such expert players. RSS used to provide BJP with all the manpower that it needed. Eve n today bulk of BJPs manpower needs are met by supplies from RSS. For past seven decades or so, the musical arrangemental structure of RSS with its roots spread across the length and breadth of the country has been inspiring a new and different set of volunteers to step into public life. This set did not come into public life for the gains of power or for amassing wealth. Before BJPs rise to power in some states, they used to endure great hardships. The zeal and commitment of RSS workers was praised by even their adversaries and critics. RSS workers were fired by an ideology, often called as Hindu nationalism, that could best be described as a mix of nationalism and warm religious sentiments.RSS did not invent Hindu nationalism. The ideology is more than a hundred old. Towards the end of nineteenth century, Swami Dayanand Saraswati and Swami Vivekanand, work independently, built a religious-political movement that in due course became the foundation of Indias freedom struggle. B oth of them were bitterly debate by the orthodox elements of Hinduism at that time. They espoused a version of Hinduism, which was progressive and reformist. This was unsufferable to Shankaracharyas and other authorities of Hindu community. In a way, Dayanand-Vivekanand combine equal one ideology and Shankaracharyas represented quite an opposite ideology. In the sign years, RSS represented the former, but it never spelled its ideology in explicit terms. To an extent, RSS entangle that ideological confusion would help it attract all sections of Hindu society, so all ideological debates were forbidden. Its aim to become an omnibus diluted its ideological focus. RSS chose to replace ideology with emotion. Senior leaders of RSS preached that organizations are built on the basis of bonds of liveliness and not on the basis of intellectual debate.Bonds of heart are useful for building a large voluntary organization, but they are of no use when one has to govern or take key decisions in fields of economic or strategic policy. This explains the floundering of BJP as a party of governance. RSS was built to be a fighting machine. The direct software of this machine does not have the capability to deliberate on profound complicated issues. Action rather than thought is the key focus of RSS as well as BJP. It is hence not surprising that RSS, as well as BJP, lacks clarity on all ideological issues.As an example, let us take the case of Common Civil Code. For more than five decades, RSS and all its offshoots have been demanding a commons civil code. In this long period it has never occurred to them to prepare a draft of the proposed common civil code. I have requireed senior leaders of Sangh clan about what they want in the common civil code. Their stock reply is that as and when they are in a position to pass such legislation, they will appoint a group to prepare such a draft. In other words they acknowledge that they do not even know what should be the broad cont ours of the code for which they have been shouting for half a century.Lack of depth marks every single ideological plank over that RSS and BJP claim as their essential identity. Of course, I have not spent a lifetime working with the Sangh clan and Sangh loyalists would be quick to shout that I lack the essential qualification to comment on their ideology. start out we heard that before? Yes, Congressmen say the same. In a way, BJP has just become a clone of Congress. What Gandhi is to Congress, Guru Golwalkar and Dr. Hedgewar are to BJP. BJP officially claims to follow the ideology of EKATM MANAVWAD (translated by them as Integrated Humanism), propounded by Deendayal Upadhyay. I have yet to meet a BJP leader who can explain the ideology in some depth. You may, of course, try to work as an apprentice with some BJP leaders and acceptfully before the end of your life you would know what integrated humanism is all about.The ideological vacuum in BJP is filled by one world-wide ideo logy Boss is always right. So, just as Congressmen look up to Sonia Gandhi as the fountainhead of ideology, BJP cadres look up to Atal Bihari Vajpayee and LK Advani. RSS, which claims to be the mother organization of BJP, has lost its moral high ground. RSS still supplies bulk of manpower for BJP. But, for a BJP leader, utterances of Atal-Advani are more important than the noises coming from RSS headquarters at Nagpur. Ideological somersaults committed by Atal-Advani have often confused laymen. Diehard BJP loyalists have, however, been quick to change tacks as and when the bosses jumped. These loyalists have risen in BJP hierarchy and live a life of luxury with all the trappings of power.As BJP leaders have got used to a life of luxury, a major change has come about. Word has gone around that the right channel to get into BJP goes via RSS. As a result, the profile of volunteers entering RSS has undergone a sea change. emotionally charged, ideologically inspired zeal and commitment are now history. Career-oriented would-be(prenominal) politicians with dreams of power and luxury are entering RSS en route to BJP. They ask no questions and are too willing to jump with every somersault of the leadership.The conversion of BJP into a Congress-clone or a club for collective unbridled pursuit of self-interest signals a national crisis. A decade back, BJP (and Sangh clan) was seen to be the great hope for India. Today, BJP is just another party of petty politicians. India has lost all hopes from her political class, which is intellectually, morally and ideologically bankrupt.A country without hope is in a danger zone. India cannot remain in this zone for long. A new ideology and a new political party, which will be the torchbearer of the new ideology, is the need of the second. As the new ideology and party take shape, we can either curse our luck for living in this hour of crisis of ideology or we can work for heralding the new sunrise.(C) The strength of opposerTh e enemy in a democracy plays as important a role as the government. For a untroubled and sensible government to work in a proper way, according to the will of the people, and equally strong and sensible opposition is a must. Such an opposition is the secret of the success of democracy in England, the oldest democracy of the word. There is mainly one strong political party is opposition. In this lies the strength of democracy in that country.On the other hand, in Indian there are a number of opposition parties constantly quarreling among themselves. This is the greatest weakness of Indian democracy. In India there is no strong, united and healthy opposition. There are various reasons for it. No industrial revolution has taken place in this country. The result is that the working class is not politically conscious and, therefore, it is disunited and weak.The opposition parties do not have any clear cut programmes and policies. Their approach is often communal, sectarian or regional. Their leaders are confused and have no idea of their aims and objectives. They quarrel for power and there are frequent splits. There are often defections on a large scale. People do not have faith in such parties, and so they fail to secure a majority in the elections. In the legislature itself, their leaders indulge in destructive criticism to gain their political ends. They move on party interest above national interest.The role of opposition in a democracy is very important. The opposition accelerates the harvest-festival of the county or retards its maturement by untimely agitations. For example, the violent agitations in Gujarat, Bihar, Assam and Punjab resulted in great spillage of life and propensity and failed entirely to gain their objectives. The Governments policy of State work in Food grains was wrongly criticized for political reasons. The result was that procurement targets could not be reached and wheat had to be imported to build up flourishing buffer stock. This was essential to hold the price-line. Such a destructive approach is against the national interest.The role of opposition in a democracy should be healthy. It should criticize the Government policies in the national interest and not for part gains. The opposition parties must come together and merge on the underlying of similarity in their ideologies. Universal illiteracy and universal poverty, unhealthy linguist, regionalism, racialism and casteism characterize Indian life. They are all obstacles in the way of the growth of a cohesive social and political life in the country.There is a mushroom growth of political parties due to the selfishness and lack of far sightedness of their leaders. Parties can come together on the basis of common ideology. But in India the party alliances are opportunistic, the only common ground between them being their hostility to the Government. Obviously, such alliances are bound to be short lived. For example, the Janta Party was a coalition of a number of political parties. So it, could not rule the nation for any length of time. It was throw out of power due to the inter-quarreling of the opposition parties.In a democracy the aims of the Government and the opposition should be the same- the good of the people. The opposition should criticize the government to implement its manifesto. It should criticize the government only to make it more cost-efficient and honest. Criticism should be based on sound principles. Opposition parties should victuals in mind that they may be called upon by the people to form the Government by any time. They should, therefore, function in a liable way.Prior to 1967, the opposition was divided into an array of small parties. While the Congress garnered between 45 percent and 48 percent of the vote, no opposition party gained as much as 11 percent, and during the entire period, only two parties win 10 percent. Furthermore, in each election, independent candidates won between 12 percent and 20 percent of the vote.The oppositions first probatory attempt to achieve electoral unity occurred during the 1967 elections when opposition party alliances won control of their state governments in Bihar, Kerala, Orissa, Punjab, and West Bengal. In Rajasthan an opposition coalition prevented the Congress from winning a majority in the state legislature and forced it to recruit independents to form a government. The Congress electoral carnage encouraged even more dissidence within the party, and in a matter of weeks after the elections, defections brought down Congress governments in Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh. By July 1967, state governments of two-thirds of the country were under opposition rule. However, opposition rule in many cases was short-lived. The import of the 1967 elections initiated a climate of politics by defection in which the Congress, and to a lesser extent the opposition, attempted to overthrow governments by winning over their state legislators with promises of greater political power and outright bribes. Needless to say, this period seriously undermined the ability of most parties to discipline their members. The increase in opposition-ruled state governments after 1967 also prompted the Congress to use Presidents Rule to dismiss opposition-led state governments with increasing frequency (see Emergency Provisions and Authoritarian Powers, this ch.).Although the centrist and right-wing opposition formed a grand alliance during the 1971 parliamentary elections, it was not until the general elections of 197