Gender Roles in The Great Gatsby :: F. Scott Fitzgerald

Gender Roles In some respects, Fitzgerald writes about gender roles in a quite conservative manner. In his novel, men work to absorb money for the maintenance of the women. Men are dominant over women, especially in the case of Tom, who asserts his physical strength to subdue them. The only hint of a role reversal is in the pair of prick and Jordan. Jordans androgynous name and cool, collected style masculinize her more than any other female character. However, in the end, Nick does exert his dominance over her by ending the relationship. The women in the novel are an interesting group, because they do not divide into the traditional groups of bloody shame Magdalene and Madonna figures, instead, none of them are pure. Myrtle is the most obviously sensual, but the fact that Jordan and Daisy wear white dresses only highlights their corruption. Whats Fitzgeralds implicit views of new women in this novel? Daisy and Jordan dress the part of flappers, yet Daisy also plays the r ole of the Louisville rich girl debutante. A good question to ask is perhaps estimable how much Daisy realizes this is a role, and whether her recognition of that would in any sense make her a modern woman character. How significant is Nicks final renouncement of Jordan Baker to the novels larger critique of modernity? Why is the novel so intrigued by Myrtle Wilsons immediately perceptible get-up-and-go (30), on the one hand, yet almost viciously cruel in its mockery of her upper class pretension on the other hand? (see for example, pp.29-35 where Nick contrasts Myrtles intense vitality with her and her sister Catherines laughable attempts to posture themselves as modern society women. Indeed, Nick twice remarks Catherines force and redrawn eyebrows as affronts to her nature (see p.34, and again at the very end on pp.171-172). Whats up with that?)Even if they disagree about other issues, all feminists cogitate patriarchal ideology works to keep men and women confined to traditional gender roles so male dominance may be maintained. Utilizing the precepts of Feminist criticism, it could be argued The Great Gatsby promotes a thinly veiled patriarchal agenda. Through Fitzgeralds treatment of the three women in Gatsby, as well as masking the mathematical homosexuality of a central character, the novel seems to promote only the traditional gender roles, swaying uncomfortably from any possible variance.

Fascades of Current Society Essay -- essays research papers

Throughout history women, men, and children have both felt the pressures and manipulations by the media through some faade manner form or shape. A Faade by definition is a false, superficial, or artificial appearance or effect, which is primarily imposed or rigid on an object, group, or even individual. Through the use of words, deliberate images, and material items advertised deep down society, as a result have rick pressures felt by altogether types of individuals. Many of these pressures forced upon individuals, prevalent in society today, has in turn created a false sense of ideals and an artificial basis of reality. Men, women, and children all play out some form of a dissemble in a faade sense as an attempt of self defense against one another, which is all the way an affect of the medias dominance. In turn, we are all targets and victims to the controlling media weather we realize it or not.Advertisers have shaped and evolved our society from the beginning and has ma de it into what exists shortly It defines what it is to be a Girl or a Boy, even a man or woman, and images presented of these supposed ideal gender definitions have become the basis for our decisions made in our lives everyday. These pressures of social definitions overtake men, women, and childrens thoughts some of which are feelings the having to look or act a certain way in order to be beautiful or accepted in this world severely obsessed with appearances as a basis for self-worth. From the clothes one chooses to wear or the product chosen to consume, all are somehow related to the medias images seen in magazines, newspapers, internet, and television advertisements. Messages conveyed through all forms of common media known to modern-day man affects them subconsciously regardless of age, color, beliefs, or any aspect which many diversify one man from another, one woman from another woman, etc. Advertisers quest after knowledge of societys defining aspects and embrace all divers ities of individuals in order to be able to target their product or message to all these parties. Advertisers have been quite successful, but in part gave birth to an obsessive and consumptive society which has severely damaged the aspect of personal identity, especially among new-fangled women. The idea of anyone wearing a type of meta... ...es. Authors even depict their major and famous characters display the negative effects on physical and mental attributes from media base aspects. One way or another, the business world of advertising and marketing will find any way possible to affect individuals in a manner to benefit them. And even it means pressuring young girls to starve themselves, forcing them to wear a metaphorical mask of false beauty, all in order to sell, sell, sell. This mask does not literally reflect what I personally wear metaphorically, but there are some themes which I admit have thought over. Nor do I deny that the media has brainwashed me along with everyone else, but at least I am able to recognize the problem society faces. The truth is girls and boys should not be obsessing what lies on their outsides, but rather what lies within. This inner beauty is what everyone needs to realize and get in touch with. There are so many other qualities within everyone and this is where true beauty lies. It is a beauty that wearing a mask of make-up of designed clothes cannot deny or illuminate, and lies within is a major part of ourselves which must be nourished and cultivated.

Case 17 ? Johnson & Johnson :: essays research papers

Case 17 Johnson & Johnson1.     Diversity should provide greater alternatives and inputs into the decision process, but if kind is blocked due to organizational infrastructures that do not allow the free flow of information, than the diversity goes unutilized. Johnson & Johnson (J&J) structured its company to insure the prescribed impact of diversity in regards to decision making through its creation of FrameworkS. Through Frameworks, the executive committee is partnered with a contour of tutors from around the organization that foreshorten on specific, unprogrammed organizational decisions. FrameworkS matches the problem with appropriate decision making method. In this approach, managers share the problem with others and engage the collection in consensus to arrive at a final decision. By incorporating managers from around the organization, FrameworkS provides a process that successfully incorporates knowledge from a wide variety of sources. Mana gers are able to bring a variety of perspectives and experiences to deal with the problem at hand. The knowledge brought into focus is greater with these additional individuals involved. In addition, difficulties including decision biases (confirmation traps and hindsight traps) and escalation of commitment can be countered in a reconstructive manner. J&J provides an environment that supports information search and open discussion among members of the group. By challenging long-held assumptions, a better decision develops from the interaction of group members.2.     J&J wished to increase both the number and quality of strategic choices for creating its future. Groups are often more successful than individuals in developing seminal solutions due to the increased diversity of ideas available to the members. J&J managers attempted to benchmark high performance activities by investigating processes at its three internal and three external organizations. With a focus of identifying and implementing the new processes into J&J, the program "Whats New" was the focus of the collection of J&Js executive and senior management team. By mixing managers from different organizations within J&J, the executive board hoped to manage knowledge in a manner that supports new ideas. A manager from one area may be able to shed considerable insight into the problems of a manager from another section of the company and as a result, organizational learning is increased through a free exchange of ideas. 3.     J&J has shown through its Credo and actions that the company is very committed to ethical behavior on the part of its employees and managers. Its reaction to the Tylenol poisoning, with its emphasis on socially amenable behavior above immediate profits, was entirely consistent with its ethical code of placing the customer first and shareholder interests second.

Sexual Harassment in America Essay -- Civil Rights Act

According to Websters online dictionary, it is believed that the style sexual harassment was coined at Cornell University in 1974 (Sexual harassment, 2011). The phrase wasnt, however, really used in common language until the testimony of Anita Hill against Clarence Thomas in 1991. Sexual harassment can take many opposite shapes and forms. According to a Fox News article, the sexual harassment claims made by men have increased twofold in the last cardinal years (Sexual harassment claims, 2010). Because sexual harassment is illegal both on a federal and state level in many states, thither are steps that an individual and employer should take to prevent sexual harassment. On June 19, 1963, President John F. Kennedy sent an extensive Civil Rights legislation proposition to sexual intercourse (Pre 1965 events, 2011). This proposed legislation faced fierce opposition in Congress. Five days after the assassination of President Kennedy, President Johnson spoke to Congress and told them that we have talk of civil rights for too long and that it was time to put our countrys words into action. Kennedys legislation faced many legislative struggles that forced changes and compromises to image there would be no filibusters in the Senate that would kill the proposal. Despite all of the opposition, President Kennedys proposed Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964 and was set into action the pastime year. The 1964 Civil Rights Act created the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, also known as the EEOC. One of the primary jobs of the EEOC is to uphold the rules and regulations that were laid out by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. According to the EEOCs webpage, Title VII covers private, most pu... ...r/shwork.asp Pre 1965 events leading to the creation of the EEOC. (2011). Retrieved August 15, 2011, from http//www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/pre1965/index.htmlSexual harassment. (2011). Retrieved on July 26, 2011, from http//www1.eeo c.gov//laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm?renderforprint=1Sexual harassment. (2011). Retrieved on August 15, 2011, from http//www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definitions/Sexual%20Harassment?cx=partner-pub-0939450753529744%3Av0qd01-tdlq&cof=FORID%3A9&ie=UTF-8&q=Sexual%20Harassment&sa=Search922Sexual harassment claims filed by men doubled in last 20 years. (2010, March 04). Retrieved on August 15, 2011, from http//www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/03/04/sex-harassment-claims-filed-men-doubled-years/Title vii of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. (2011). Retrieved July 26, 2011, from http//www1.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/titlevii.cfm

Flame of Hope :: Description Essays

Flame of HopeI was walking along scratch Ave., in Grant Park, when I saw it across the street. I couldnt take my look off it. It was a sculpture entitled Flame of Hope, by Leonardo Nierman. I know Ive passed by this sculpture before, but I neer really paid any attention to it. I put ont know why, but it caught my eye today. Maybe it was the break in the buildings, or the room the sun was reflecting off of it, but for whatever reason I was fixated. The sculpture is in between three buildings, right next to another sculpture. It go throughms as though the sculptures were placed there to give the people of Chicago something to notion at other than buildings. The sculpture is made of shiny, silver, metal and has a very smooth surface. Because of the quantify of day and the way the sun has been reflecting off the sculpture, its surface is fiery to touch. Some parts are hidden from the sun though, and no matter how hard the sun tries, it will never reach those areas. Its the like s of an imperishable game of tag where the sun is always it. Standing next to the sculpture, Im reminded of how itsy-bitsy I actually am. Its a very embarrassing experience whenever one realizes how little a person really is when compared to the big picture. For some reason, thats the feeling I got as I looked up at this shiny piece of metal. The flame is made up of several distorted shapes, both self-aggrandizing and small, but in some way, they all fit together, like a jigsaw puzzle. All the shapes are not connected though, and there are places where you asshole look through and see the sky. Its as if mortal took a picture, and for one brief moment, the sky is frozen in time. There are so many angles and curves to this sculpture. It looks as though its in continual apparent movement it intertwines within itself. Depending on where you stand, it can take on different shapes and personalities. From across the street, I could see a dancer. Her arms and legs flailing about to t he ever-changing beat of the harmony that has captured her soul. The beautiful dancer is in continual movement never stopping for a breath, she yet keeps dancing. In between the buildings she moves, allowing anyone who wants to stop, to enjoy the show.Flame of Hope translation EssaysFlame of HopeI was walking along Michigan Ave., in Grant Park, when I saw it across the street. I couldnt take my eyes off it. It was a sculpture entitled Flame of Hope, by Leonardo Nierman. I know Ive passed by this sculpture before, but I never really paid any attention to it. I dont know why, but it caught my eye today. Maybe it was the break in the buildings, or the way the sun was reflecting off of it, but for whatever reason I was fixated. The sculpture is in between three buildings, right next to another sculpture. It seems as though the sculptures were placed there to give the people of Chicago something to look at other than buildings. The sculpture is made of shiny, silver, metal and has a very smooth surface. Because of the time of day and the way the sun has been reflecting off the sculpture, its surface is hot to touch. Some parts are hidden from the sun though, and no matter how hard the sun tries, it will never reach those areas. Its like an unending game of tag where the sun is always it. Standing next to the sculpture, Im reminded of how little I actually am. Its a very humbling experience whenever one realizes how little a person really is when compared to the big picture. For some reason, thats the feeling I got as I looked up at this shiny piece of metal. The flame is made up of several distorted shapes, both large and small, but in some way, they all fit together, like a jigsaw puzzle. All the shapes are not connected though, and there are places where you can look through and see the sky. Its as if someone took a picture, and for one brief moment, the sky is frozen in time. There are so many angles and curves to this sculpture. It looks as though its in continual motion it intertwines within itself. Depending on where you stand, it can take on different shapes and personalities. From across the street, I could see a dancer. Her arms and legs flailing about to the ever-changing beat of the music that has captured her soul. The beautiful dancer is in continual movement never stopping for a breath, she just keeps dancing. In between the buildings she moves, allowing anyone who wants to stop, to enjoy the show.

Flame of Hope :: Description Essays

flak of HopeI was walking along Michigan Ave., in Grant Park, when I saw it across the street. I couldnt take my eyes attain it. It was a engrave entitled Flame of Hope, by da Vinci Nierman. I know Ive passed by this sculpture before, scarce I never in truth paid any attention to it. I dont know why, but it caught my eye to twenty-four hours. Maybe it was the break in the buildings, or the way the sunniness was reflecting off of it, but for whatever reason I was fixated. The sculpture is in between three buildings, right next to another sculpture. It seems as though the sculptures were fit(p) there to give the people of Chicago something to discover at other than buildings. The sculpture is made of promising, silver, metal and has a very smooth surface. Because of the time of day and the way the sun has been reflecting off the sculpture, its surface is hot to touch. rough parts are hidden from the sun though, and no matter how hard the sun tries, it willing never reach tho se areas. Its like an unending spirited of tag where the sun is always it. Standing next to the sculpture, Im reminded of how little I actually am. Its a very humbling have whenever one realizes how little a person really is when compared to the big picture. For some reason, thats the trace I got as I looked up at this shiny piece of metal. The flame is made up of several distorted shapes, both large and small, but in some way, they all fit together, like a jigsaw puzzle. All the shapes are not connected though, and there are places where you can look through and see the sky. Its as if someone took a picture, and for one brief moment, the sky is frozen in time. There are so umpteen angles and curves to this sculpture. It looks as though its in continual motion it intertwines indoors itself. Depending on where you stand, it can take on different shapes and personalities. From across the street, I could see a dancer. Her arms and legs flailing about to the ever-changing beat of t he music that has captured her soul. The splendiferous dancer is in continual movement never stopping for a breath, she just keeps dancing. In between the buildings she moves, allowing anyone who wants to stop, to enjoy the show.Flame of Hope Description EssaysFlame of HopeI was walking along Michigan Ave., in Grant Park, when I saw it across the street. I couldnt take my eyes off it. It was a sculpture entitled Flame of Hope, by Leonardo Nierman. I know Ive passed by this sculpture before, but I never really paid any attention to it. I dont know why, but it caught my eye today. Maybe it was the break in the buildings, or the way the sun was reflecting off of it, but for whatever reason I was fixated. The sculpture is in between three buildings, right next to another sculpture. It seems as though the sculptures were placed there to give the people of Chicago something to look at other than buildings. The sculpture is made of shiny, silver, metal and has a very smooth surface. Be cause of the time of day and the way the sun has been reflecting off the sculpture, its surface is hot to touch. Some parts are hidden from the sun though, and no matter how hard the sun tries, it will never reach those areas. Its like an unending game of tag where the sun is always it. Standing next to the sculpture, Im reminded of how little I actually am. Its a very humbling experience whenever one realizes how little a person really is when compared to the big picture. For some reason, thats the feeling I got as I looked up at this shiny piece of metal. The flame is made up of several distorted shapes, both large and small, but in some way, they all fit together, like a jigsaw puzzle. All the shapes are not connected though, and there are places where you can look through and see the sky. Its as if someone took a picture, and for one brief moment, the sky is frozen in time. There are so many angles and curves to this sculpture. It looks as though its in continual motion it inter twines within itself. Depending on where you stand, it can take on different shapes and personalities. From across the street, I could see a dancer. Her arms and legs flailing about to the ever-changing beat of the music that has captured her soul. The beautiful dancer is in continual movement never stopping for a breath, she just keeps dancing. In between the buildings she moves, allowing anyone who wants to stop, to enjoy the show.

What Is The Purpose Of College

While struggling to prioritize and patchage my time efficiently for the complete on of finals, the recurring question of the signifi sewerce of college plays in my head. Was this the honorable decision? Will this land me my dream job in four long time? Is this a familiar feeling g for all college freshmen? Questions much(prenominal) as these race back and forth as I try my hardest to finish word k for general education classes that have absolutely no elicit in.All throughout my high school years was essentially being trained for college The exams, essay structures, and constant lectures of expectations were all drilled into us in preparation for high education. Ive learned, however, that there ar so ma NY small but imperative details about college that a high school counselor cannot teach a p arson one has to experience it for themselves. The sudden gift Of freedom and the ability to ex. SST without any supervision from those one is so accustomed to obeying, is more(prenomina l) than comely h to catch a student off guard and result in experimental behavior.Even aside from students in De separate attempts to mind themselves and adapt to such a brand new environment, the coursework and pressure for students to have their college careers planned out is more than likely to lead t o doubts and stress. In the long run, it is close to certain that the decision to obtain a degree will lea eve a person with a higher chance at earning a greater salary, becoming more knowledgeable of g mineral studies, and being better able to handle both diversity and adversity.While there are man y benefits there are also many flaws in the system, as well as alternatives for those who do not bell eve that the college experience is salutary for them. One of the greatest influences of college admissions is the impression that o en is guaranteed to earn a higher salary if they have a degree of some level. While t he probabilities arent set in stone, there are some relative pieces of evidence that support HTH s theory. According to the U. S.Census Bureau, the annual salary difference surrounded by high school g radiates and those who hold a bachelors degree is roughly twentieth thousand dollars. With a college degree in a particular guinea pig one makes themselves more marketable, as well as qualified ND available for many more open positions because of their previously acquired knowledge. N regards to the job search, the more time a person spends at a college allows them to make all the e more connections adjusts might help them land a position with ease.As farther as the economy go sees in todays society, having a bachelors degree (or higher) is the equivalent to what holding g a high school diploma was just years ago. As time passes, requirements become a lot more particular depending on the compensation one would like to receive from their employ For those who are ardent about a particular subject, college is a great plan CE to attend. The unlimited amount of resources, aid from specialized professors, and sup port from peers studying the charter majors are a great motivator for success.College grants SST dents the opportunity to find themselves in a sense. Because of all the freedoms, studs ants gradually begin to realize their true likes and dislikes. a great deal times things that one thought the y were passionate about end up getting replaced by a new found love. College supports these d velveteens and offers platforms (such as classrooms and studies) for one to be creative and e express themselves. It is not always about choosing the field that will yield the most income.Taking g the opportunity to postdate your craft, no matter what the reward, is a notion that some are away are enough to take note Of and act upon. The ability to understand state and their different cultures, behaviors, etc can be learned in college as well. Universities present the chance to meet and socialize e with peers from all over the world. An d although this may be a bit uncomfortable and sort of a culture shock at first, the lessons and comprehensions that one leaves these friendships with are priceless and unlikely to happen in any other setting.Aversive, or stress, may be the biggest and recurring obstacles throughout on sees college career. It stems from any and every place, and happens all the time. The pres sure to succeed and pass with outstanding grades and the softness to manage time effectively are probably the leading causes of stress. But, if theres anyone who can handle a weeks worth of extreme sisters and still manage to pull their grades unitedly despite the occasional mental meltdown, its a college student. But is college really necessary?Is it really required for everyone? No, if one do sees decide not to attend college that in no way makes them a failure or any less superior than a graduate. Although college offers a lot of possibilities, so does the real world. There are still hundreds of ways to sun . eve and support oneself without higher education. For starters, o en can teach themselves. By simply choosing the subject of their interest, a person can ma term any topic he or she desires by use Of obtainable resources such as books, videos, online tutor ails, etcetera.A schoolbags alternative to college is also condescension school. By earning a certificate , a person can do anything from working in that corresponding area to taking the next step and initiation pupa business or practice that provides that particular service. Another factor that leads stack to choosing a direction other than college is the fact that it is so extremely pricey. Many people cannot make the grades for scholarship s, do not receive enough in financial aid, and can not afford college out of pocket.Therefore t hey are compel to result in a lesser alternative or just not pursuing an extended education at all. Ultimately, college is a privilege and a huge decision for anyone considering attending. Pr epare ion is key entering with a healthy mindset is ideal for a smooth transition. As for those who not s e themselves in university in the future, it is perfectly okay to chase your dreams and do what you set your mind and heart to.

Character of Nicholas in Chaucer’s Miller’s Tale Essay

Nicholas, with his outrageous sense of humour and eager pursuit of love, functions as the charming, charitable hero in milling machines Tale. He is introduced as hende Nicholas, and his conduct does not at all answer to the usual sense of the adjective which implies gigantic courtesy, but its suggestion of approval is repeatedly invoked as the Miller refers to his hero by this formula. We learn at once that he is knowledgeable and of his interest in astrology. This is seen as a respectable branch of learning, but Nicholas is aware of its power to impress others, while he is able to supplement his income by weather-forecasting. He is too helped financially by friends. The imaginary flood of which Nicholas tells John shows us his cunning, his confident attitude, his inventiveness and especially his contempt for the stupid tradesman Dont stick about that, said Nicholas, / His times been badly wasted, if a scholar / Cant get the better of a carpenter. (lines 191-193)In spite of this, however, the Miller presents the astrologer in a way that makes the audience like Nicholas. He does this by making John seem deserving of punishment for his unwise sexual union and subsequent jealousy. Nicholass youth and attractiveness makes us slight critical of his boldness, and the comic manner of the tales telling makes his conduct seem less worthy of censure than would be the case with real people. Nicholas seems a more appropriate partner for Alison than does John, and the Millers repetition of the formula hende Nicholas encourages us to be more sympathetic.However, it is important to note that Nicholas does not escape his daring plan without any consequences. His over-confidence and lack of prudence earn him a punishment appropriate to his offence, and in keeping with the farcical spirit of the tale he is scalded in the towte by his rival, who mistakes him for Alison. Thus, Nicholas may be the character that has the audience rooting for him by being likable and providing good laughs, but his charming yet arrogant attitude does not prevent him from suffering the consequences of his actions.The Canterbury Tales Oxford guides to Chaucer. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1989.

Distribution Strategy Essay

IntroductionThe core of this presentation is to discuss the theory of diffusion schema with the underlying real life examples of McDonalds fast-food restaurants in Australia. In other words, the aim is to discuss McDonalds distribution channel, the way this fast-food restaurant gets its produces to the market. Nonetheless, this presentation entrust demonstrate that McDonalds distribution strategy is effective in many cultures. In the theory of marketing mix, hind end (distribution) determines where the product will be interchange and how it will get in that location. In fact, McDonalds is the leading global foodservice retailer, with more than 30,000 local restaurants serving nearly 46 million people each twenty-four hours in 121 different countries.Approximately 80 percent of all McDonalds restaurants areawide ar owned and operated by independent franchisors. Furthermore, at the essence of place decisions, Kotler (et al., 2001, p. 513) claims that, retailers, particularly image fast foods chains often state their seven Ps of marketing to be, that is localisation principle, location, location, location, location, location and location. Hence, a retailers location is the key to attracting customers. The costs of the building or leasing facilities is a major factor on the retailers profits. Thus, site location decisions are among the most valuable the retailer make (Kotler, et al., 2001, p. 513).Intensive DistributionOn the other hand, McDonalds opened its jump restaurant in Australia in December 1971. Today there are more than 690 restaurants throughout Australia and serving in excess of one million customers per day and employing over 55,000 staff. Therefore, you can find them everywhere in Australia, where more or less of the McDonalds are open 24 hours per day which satisfy peoples needs and wants, especially for exists their hunger. This kind of distribution strategy is called intensive distribution, means marking the product available for sale through all possible channels of distribution. As defined by Kotler (et al., 2001, p. 487), intensive distribution is stocking the product in as many outlets as possible. In addition, this strategy must be designed to reach the consumer wants atanytime and anywhere.Vertical marketing network (VMN)Furthermore, to name Kotler (et al., 2001, p. 482), a franchise organization is a contractual vertical marketing network in which a channel member called a franchisor links several(prenominal) stages in production-distribution process. McDonalds has adopted the service-firm-sponsored retailer franchise network, in which a service firm licenses a network of retailers to bring its service to consumers (Kotler, et al., 2001, p. 482). Nevertheless, McDonalds caters to a large consumer market with varying tastes and thus cannot afford to introduce products without familiarizing itself with provincial preferences in food.For this reason, McDonalds distributes its products in foreign locations w ith the help of franchisors who are well aware of what works in their country. Moreover, these franchisors also provide insight to the company on its diverse customers and helps McDonalds achieve its vision of being the worlds best quick service restaurant experience. In brief, this is an extremely intelligent distribution method since it helps in providing people with the kind of products they desire, maintaining the franchise account worldwide.To encourage repeat customer visits, McDonalds are intensifying the efforts to ensure the restaurant interiors and exteriors are clean and welcoming. Moreover, McDonalds intends to regain the status as the sumptuous standard for clean restaurants. Furthermore, McDonalds are giving the business a fresh edge in many places by rebuilding, renovating and re-imaging the restaurants. The experiences in Australia demonstrate that doing such can result in improved sales and profitability.McDonalds ensures consistent products by controlling every stage of the distribution. In addition, regional distribution centres bargain for products and distribute them to individual restaurants. On the other hand, when designing its channels, a company needs to consider competitors channels. Yet, it may want to compete in or slopped to the same outlets that carry competitors products (Kotler, et al., 2001, p. 486). Thus, food companieswant their brands to be displayed next to competing brands. Meanwhile, McDonalds adopted this setting channel objective as a view and indeed wants to locate near KFC. On the other hand, McDonalds uses essentially the same competitive strategy in every country as be the first in a market and establish the brand as rapidly as possible by advertising very heavily. However, the strategy has helped McDonalds arise a strong market share in the fast-food market around the world.Moreover, according to Kotler (et al., 2001, p. 513) store must have a planned atmosphere that suits the hind end market and moves cus tomers to buy. In addition, McDonalds determine the locations for reaching a widely spread population. Hence, McDonalds are turning their stores into theatres that transport customers into unusual, exciting shopping environments that designed to meet the taste of target markets. For instance, McDonalds Blacktown is one of McDonalds Australias newest restaurants, it has create a locate playgrounds for children to enjoy.ConclusionIn conclusion, McDonalds improve the frequency of their deliveries, form relevant partnerships and implement alternate distribution strategies to effectively capture market and build international brand name based on hygienic, healthy, savoury fast food consistently worldwide. Adopting market study and focusing on location of franchise, MacDonalds ensures market niche for food product distribution is a definite success story.References Kotler, P., Brown, K., Adam, S., & Armstrong, G., 2001, Marketing, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Australia, Frenchs Forest, NSW http//www.mcdonalds.com

Mary Wollstonecraft and the Early Women’s Rights Movement Essay

Who was bloody shame Wollst iodinecraft?bloody shame Wollstonecraft was a very complex person and to try to completely describe who she was would be impossible. However its not impossible to share her brave outness and what she accomplished. bloody shame was born in 1759 in London she was the second of six children. Her father was an alcoholic and her mother was a battered house wife. Wollstonecraft tried to protect her mother from her fathers attacks but she was also a victim of her fathers abuse. She had very brusque formal education and was largely self-taught. When she was nineteen she went out to earn her own living. In 1783, Mary helped her sister escape a miserable marriage and afterwards on the two sisters founded and taught at a school in Newington Green an experience from which Mary drew to write Thoughts on the Education of Daughters With Reflections on pistillate Conduct, in the More Important Duties of Life. Shortly after Mary became the governess in the family of L ord Kingsborough, living just about of the time in Ireland. Following her dismissal Wollstonecraft washed-out several years observing political and social develop manpowerts in France, and wrote History and Moral View of the Origins and Progress of the French revolution.In 1790 she wrote exculpation of the Rights of Man, the first resolution to Edmund Burkes Reflections on the Revolution in France. Mary Wollstonecrafts most famous work which got her the reputation as a feminist was A Vindication of the Rights of fair sex it was published in 1792. Her first child, Fanny, was born in 1795, the daughter of American Gilbert Imlay. When Imlay deserted her she tried to drown herself. Eventually she corned and went to live with William Godwin, a longtime friend. She then married Godwin in 1797. Wollstonecraft died a few days after the birth of her second daughter, Mary. Before Wollstonecraft died she had been writing a script called Maria, or the Wrongs of Woman it was published u nfinished in Paris in 1798. Wollstonecraft believed that womens freedom should extend to their sexual lives. In her writings, she compared married disembodied spirit for a woman to prostitution. Mary argued that women had strong sexual desires and that it was degrading and immoral to pretend otherwise.Mary Wollstonecrafts View on Womens RightsEarly on in her life, Mary Wollstonecraft began making great contributions and brought cutting and not well-received views on women and society. She fully nutrimented that if girls were pushed and encouraged from an early age to develop their minds, it would be seen that they were clear balanced creatures and there was no reason whatsoever for them to not to be given the same opportunities as boys with regard to education and training. She believed education could be the salvation of women, education held the key to achieving a sense of self-respect and anew self-image that would enable women to put their capacities to good use. She insist ed women be taught serious subjects like reading, writing, arithmetic, botany, natural history, and moral philosophy. In proposing giving the same education to girls as given to boys, she went a little further and proposed that both girls and boys be taught and educated together.Now this was even more perfect than anything that was proposed before because the mere idea of co-educational schooling was simply looked on as absurd. Many educational thinkers of the time considered co-educational schooling a ridiculous idea. Wollstonecraft called herself a new genus a woman who made her own living my writing. At one point in Mary Wollstonecrafts life she was homeless, without a job, she had nothing to live on and she was in debt to many people. She was 28 years old and had no plans to marry any time soon. She had nothing yet she still refused to learn the techniques where most women in her situation would usually try to make life decent enough for themselves to live. In other words they would surrender themselves to the will of man or their social superiors, but she refused to do so, she was a new genus. She believed that marriage as it was practiced was the equivalent of court-ordered prostitution, and that women would never be able to show the world power to be independent, reasoning, free human beings as long as they were only educated to catch a man. Wollstonecraft thought that women should be educated to support themselves, with or without marriage, and that they should be able to have the same professions as any man.At the very least she believed women should have equal rights to custody of their own children and be able to control their own money. Mary Wollstonecraft had believed that when revolutionaries had talked about man, they were using shorthand to describe all humanity.Then in 1791, former Bishop of Autun promotedgovernment schools that would end at eighth grade for girls but continue on for boys. This made it clear to Wollstonecraft that despite all the talk about equality between men and women, the French Revolution wasnt planning to help women as much as it said it was. She then began writing her most famous work, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. It was published in three volumes. During the late eighteenth century in Western Europe, single women had very little protection under the law and when they were married women lost their legal identities. Women couldnt have a lawyer, sign a contract, vote, inherit property, or have rights over their own children. William Blackstone, an Oxford law professor, wrote The husband and wife are one person in law that is the very being or legal existence of the women is suspended during the marriage or at least incorporated and unify into that of the husband under whose wing, protection and cover, she performs everything. Basically saying that when a woman gets married her identity and existence is taken away legally. Some of her identity is overlap with her husband but over all she does not legally exist and the only protection and safety she has is with her husband, who she must do everything for. Then along came Mary Wollstonecraft, who caused quite a stir with her book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. She believed that women and men were both human beings empowered with basic rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. She insisted that women should be free to move into business, pursue professional careers, and vote if they wanted to. Mary took the task of helping women to achieve a better life, not only for themselves and for their children, but also for their husbands. Wollstonecraft exalt many people because she wrote with such passion and spoke from the heart.A Vindication of the Rights of WomenA Vindication of the Rights of Women was one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy. In the book Wollstonecraft argues that instead of viewing women as ornaments to society or property to be traded in marriage, women are human beings a nd deserve to have the same essential rights as men. Wollstonecraft was encouraged to write A Vindication to the Rights of Women after reading Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigords 1791 report to the French National Assembly. The report stated that that women should onlyreceive a domestic education she used her interpretation on this specific event to launch a broad attack against sexual double standards and to accuse men for encouraging women to indulge in excessive emotion. She even dedicated A Vindication of the Rights of Women to Talleyrand, who at the time was designing a national education platform for boys in France. She hoped to convince him that a system like that should include girls for the same programs and in the same classrooms as boys.How Mary Wollstonecraft made a difference for Womans Rights Throughout her whole life Mary Wollstonecraft had been fighting for equality for women, but what got peoples attention was her book A Vindication of the Rights of Women. In t he book she not only argues that women should have the same educational opportunities as men she also wrote that women should have the same rights as men within the law. A Vindication of the Rights of Women covered a wide range of topics relating to the condition of women. When making her argument supporting the equal education for woman Wollstonecraft also talked about her theories on the social, legal, and environmental causes for the rank of women. After writing A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Wollstonecraft rose up into a class of her own. She had gone beyond many others who had written about educating women and those who had done well by making the most of the lower position of women.A large amount of women novelists had portrayed women who achieved heroic moral importance, but they didnt always celebrate women with brains. During her lifetime, Wollstonecraft raised argument in support of Womens Rights that would become important in the Womens Rights movements of the foll owing two centuries. Her work in pursuit of equality for women led her to being named the founder of the British Womens Rights Movement. Mary Wollstonecraft was a pioneer for women. She envisioned a future when women could pursue about any career opportunities. She led the way for feminists and her book is a classic that still inspires people today.BibliographyPrimary SourcesMary Wollstonecraft, Political Writings A Vindication of the Rights of Men A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and An Historical and Moral View ofthe Origin and Progress of the French Revolution, ed. By Janet Todd (Toronto, 1993). Shows excerpts from the books Mary Wollstonecraft wrote and talks about them. Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Penguin, 1993). The whole copy of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Mary Wollstonecraft, Maria or the Wrongs of Woman, ill. By Anne K. Mellor (Norton, 1994). The last book, left unfinished, that Mary Wollstonecraft wrote. vicarious SourcesFlexn er, Eleanor. Mary Wollstonecraft A Bibliography. New York Coward, McCann, & Geoghegan, Inc. 1972. Shows how Wollstonecrafts early life had a big impact on the development of her ideas. Kemerling, Garth. Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797). 1996. (November 13, 2000). This website goes over some of Wollstonecrafts observations at the school where she taught and it talks about all the books she wrote. Kreis, Steven. The History Guide Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History. (May 13, 2004). The website gives a short biography of Mary Wollstonecrafts life. This website also gives links to Wollstonecrafts writings. Feminist Interpretation of Mary Wollstonecraft, ed. By Maria J. Falco (Penn. State, 1995). Talks about Mary Wollstonecrafts life and accomplishments in detail.

Organisation Behaviour

Option 3 Evaluate the invokement that organisational anatomical body anatomical building reflects and reinforces an unrealistic view of human rationality (Knights & Willmott, 2007). Introduction Different authors take aim diverse definition toward organisational anatomical social organisation. Mintzberg (1979) defines the constitution building is defined as The agree total of the ways in which it divides its labour into distinct wrinkle and then achieves coordination mingled with them (Mintzberg, 1979, p. cited in Knights and Willmott, 2007, p. 197). In simple words, flip-upal anatomical expression is lecture to the highest degree the structure of an presidency, how a company categorise their giveers or direction to achieve their goals. Basic eachy, organisational structure is talking about the circumspection clay that include organic fertiliser and mechanistic management formation. In an governing, at that place willinging be a hooking of matters ha ppened because of the organization structure.Hence, people prolong discover divers(prenominal) management structure to assist in organisational structure same Taylor and Ford that influence the organization structure by using scientific method to classified the work of an organization and defy the achievement of the organization (Fayol, 1949 Taylor, 1911cited in Singh, 2009). Lewin (1958) cited in Burnes (1996) provided that the planned present that designed for the organizational transfer is the better present.However, is there any the trump out structure for organization? When we treat one structure as the shell structure for organization, we must engage the factors that will see the structure no eight-day relevant. Environment is the important influences that we discount non ignore about. The unstable of milieu led the organization structure keep on ever-changing. One of the immix bags in the structure of organizational was from mechanistic management administ ration to organic management corpse.Mechanistic and organic of organizational structure atomic number 18 two form eithery form of management system that applied in organizational structure ( fire and Stalker, 1961). As what Kulmala and Uusi-Rauva (2005) claims that competition was changing from firm level to electronic network level, which agent from centralisation to decentralisation. Changing Of Environment More than 2,000 years ago the Greek philosopher Heraclitus(536-470 BC) claims that everything was continuous keep on changing and there was nonhing enduring (Smith, 2011). make-upal structure is also the same, there ar no the better structure for an organization since the surroundings is keep on changing. There is no one best way to organize and any ways of organizing be not equally effective (Galbraith, 1973 cited in Singh, 2009, p. 954). Environment and organization are interdependent, they depend on each(prenominal) other between an organization (pugh et al. 196 3 cited in Child, n. d. ). Burns and Stalker (1961) cited in Singh (2009) proposed that appropriate organizational structure depends on surroundal factors.Coulson-Thomas (1991) cited in Strachan (1996) argues that business organizational is increasingly face unprecedented change in social, economic, political and business environment. Burn and Stalker (1961) cited in McMillan (n. d. ) claims that an organization must match and follow with the sum up of change in its environment if the organization want to reach a maximum military operation or achieve their goals. The performance of an organization depend on how they construct their structure to coordinate with the environment (Mintzberg, 1979 cited in Nandakumar , Ghobadian and ORegan, 2010).An vitrine that intends the change of technology that led to the changes of organizational structure, the manner of hardware and software victimisation resulted in architectures evolving over time, at the same time organization structures positive special forms to suit and fit their specific environmental and strategic requirements (Mukherji, 2002). An effective structure or strategy foot promotes competitive advantage to strengthen an organization performance (Oosthuizen, 1997 cited in Nandakumar , Ghobadian and ORegan, 2010 ) .Besides, there are a wide hurtle of structures given to an organization to choose whether which structure is appropriate to them and can coordinate to the environmental factors that they face, they can choose the most few effective structure mix that fix to their different environmental problem faced since there are no one universal structure that applied by all organization (Singh, 2009). However, when environment is change again no matter due to technological or political factor, organization leadiness to aware that whether their structure now is consists with the changing of the environment.If their structure is not the best in current environment, then they need to revise their st ructure again to get the most productive outcome. Otherwise, the change of environment may either lead to some benefit or scathes to the organization. Thevenet (1988) cited in Soparnot (2011) believe that the change of organizational structure is always beneficial. However, Soparnot (2005) cited in Soparnot (2011) argued that the changes of structure can destabilize organization and it is risky and costly.In an organization, if they are manage according to hierarchy structure, there are different level of manager and different opinion towards the change of the organization exist, different people have their own idea, each will suggest different idea and this will wasting time and resources to test for it. Walston and kale (2011) said that the greater the differences between hierarchical perceptions, the inefficiency of the organization change and effort.Therefore, there are no any best constant structure of organization, because the environment is keep on changing, what an organ ization can do is only keep on changing that align with the environmental changes. Mechanistic System Mechanistic management system is consist of hierarchic structure of train, authority, specialization , differentiation and centralized end making (Burns and Stalker, 1961). Hierarchical structure is commonly carry out in an organizational chart form.Organizational chart show us the management structure or hierarchical structure, how the organization manage according to different de divergement, or specialization. During the mid twentieth century there was a trend for organizations to create huge integrated structures, often composed of many varied and different businesses, for instance, the Hanson Trust, Unilever, Trafalgar House, and GNK in the UK and familiar Electric in the USA (Mabey, Salaman and Storey, 2001 cited in McMillan, (n. . ). Hales and Rabey (2011) held that a good management is consists of specific air for specific person, clear role definitions for each job, cl ear job specification and so on. It is talking about mechanic system of organizational structure. In the hierarchical structure, decisions are made by top level and task are delegated to different department manager of middle level, and these managers will dispatch sure the workers under them is kept in line with them (Hales and Rabey, 2011).Since that are not a teamwork which they do not share common arouse simply they need to do more than the person who make decision and thus make them do not have any motivation to do their best or produce the best idea. This may continue because everyone have different perceptions. As mentioned earlier, the greater difference between hierarchical perception, the inefficiency of the effort (Walston and Chou, 2011). When everyone have their own perception, precisely decision is not made by them, conflict will occur.Conflict usually occur in copulation to decision and sometimes it may lead to flagellum (Beckhard and Dyer, 1983 cited in Frank et al. , 2011). Decision making of hierarchical structure is also a superabundance of time since there are different level in the organization, decision making need to go through from low to middle and the top, it weigh time and waste of resources, when there are something happen between the level of authority, it need even more time than usual. Wang and Ahmed (2003) cited in Kulmala and Uusi-Rauva (2005) highlight organizational structure influence its decision making and the internal processes.Employees in an organization should not wait for manager comments or negotiations for organization sake (Kuitunen et al, 1999 cited in Kulmala and Uusi-Rauva, 2005). In straddle to reduce the conflict of decision making of the hierarchical structure and waste of time, the changes of this hierarchical structure is needed. Burns and Stalker (1961) highlight that in organic system, bunk in an organization is differentiated by the expertness, whoever have greater expertise can lead the team and he or she will have the best authority.For mechanistic system, people who control the organization is according to standardization of skill, it is control by the person who have undergone extensive training and socialization (Friedson, 1970 cited in Abernethy and Stoelwinder, n. d. ). Burns and Stalker (1961) claims that the position of the attractor is settled by consensus via voting in an organic system. When the position of the leader is agreed by voting, then it may consider fair because there are no any conflict of interest exist. However, for mechanistic system, position of the manager is the decision of the top level management.When the position of the leader is decided by the top level management people, there are inequality exists. Guy (1999) highlight that the increase of earnings inequality from the late mid-seventies until now is due to changes of organizational structure. When the decision is not reach the consensus of all but solely solely based on the top level management, it seems like it is unfair. The top level may choose the one that is beneficial to him or her and promotes him or her to get higher position and this is not agreed by all. organic fertiliser SystemHence, Covin and Slevin(1990) cited in Altinay and Altinay (2004) claims that organization often decentralize decision making authority, understate the hierarchical structure and adopt free flow communication channels to make sure organization achieved higher performance. When talk about decentralization, actually it is talking about organic management system, Burns and Stalker(1961) said that organic management system is appropriate to the changing of environment, he describe organic management system as a network structure of control ,authority and communication, there are not alking about responsibilities of a person, but the responsible of the people in the network. Therefore, It is just like a team that achieve the same goals. However, the claimant that organization nee d to decentralize decision making was argued by Shields and Shields (1998) cited in Subramaniam and Mia (2001), said that not all managers accept the decentralization of organization structure because it will make outcomes of job discriminatory related such as low job satisfaction. For example, as what we have study now, we are choosing courses of education according to our interest.It is also the same as career, we will choose our job according to what we studied or what we like, if decentralize means that they are all working together without departmentalize, then we might need to do the job that we do not like and make us do not have the feeling of satisfaction when rushing for the work. Conclusion In conclusion, organizational structure is not mend, it is not constant as all organization is using the same structure and monitor their work of organization.There will be no consensus on one particular structure of organization and thus make the organizational structure do not fixe d. Actually, each structure will show their good and bad, when the structure is align with the change of environment or the structure is reach the consensus of all and thus achieve higher performance of organization, then this structure is consider as good. However, when the environment is change again , and people no longer agree on this structure, then this structure is no longer applicable , if this structure is insist in using, then it may bring harm to organization.Hence, there is no the best or the smartest structure for an organization (Mintzberg, 1979 cited in Wang and Ahmed, 2002). When the environment of the organization change, the structure of the organization also change according to the environment, this desirability of the organization structure makes the organization do not have a fixed or constant strucuture (Martinsons & Martinsons, 1994 cited in Wang and Ahmed, 2002). No matter organic or mechanistic management system, as long as it is an effective structure that align with the environment, it will lead he organization to achieve superior performance. Organization structure do not fixed because mechanistic management system is applicable in some situation or organic management system is suitable in some situation or mixed of these two management system is necessary for some situation. In details, an organization can mixed the centralization and decentralization by apply both in their structure. Decentralization can motivate employees to enable them showing out their creative and innovative but not stop by top level manager.At the same time, some others part can be centralize to make sure employees follow the rules and regularization because some decision if freely make by employees on their own may create troublesome such as financing and investing decision. Hence, structure cannot fixed on whether it is centralization or decentralization (Buchanan and huczynski, 2010). Therefore, we cannot say that which structure is the best structure fo r organization because each of these structures play their own roles in different environmental changes. (2092 words) Bibliography 1. Abernethy M. A. nd Stoelwinder, J. U. (n. d) The relationship between organization structure and management control in hospitals An elaboration and test of Mintzbergs professional bureaucracy model, pp. 18-33. 2. Altinay, L. and Altinay, M. (2004) The influence of organisational structure on entrepreneurial orientation and expansion performance, international Journal of Contemporary Hospitality watchfulness, 16(6), pp. 334-344. 3. Burnes, B. (1996) No such thing as a one best way to manage organizational change, Management Decision, 34/10, pp. 11-18. 4. Burns, T. and Stalker, G.M. (1961) The management of innovation, London Tavistock, pp. 103-108. 5. Child, J. (n. d) Organizational strucuture, environment and performance The role of strategic choice, Sage Social Science Collections. 6. Frank, M. , Kessler, A. , Nose, L. , Suchy, D. (2011) Conflicts in family firms state of the art and perspectives for future research, Journal of Family Business Management, 1(2), pp. 130-153. 7. Hales, S. and Rabey, G. (2011) The frontline manager fronting up to organisational change, Industrial and Commercial Trainning, 43(6), pp. 368-376. 8. Knights, D. nd Willmott, H. (2007) Introducing organizational behaviour and management, South-Western Cengage Learning. 9. Kulmala, H. I. and Uusi-Rauva, E. (2005) Network as a business environment experiences from software industry, Supply fibril Management An International Journal, 10/3, pp. 169-178. 10. McMillan, E. (n. d. ) Considering organization structure and design from a complexness paradigm perspective, Open University. 11. Mukherji, A. (2002) The evolution of information systems their impact on organizations and structures, Management Decision, 40/5, pp. 497-507. 12.Nandakumar, M. K. , Ghobadian, A. , ORegan, N. (2010) Business-level strategy and Performance The moderating effects of environm ent and structure, Management Decision, 48(6), pp. 907-939. 13. Singh, S. K. (2009) Structuring organizations crossways industries in India, Management Research News, 32(10), pp. 953-969. 14. Singh, S. K. (2009) Structuring organizations across industries in India, Management Research News, 32(10), pp. 953-969. 15. Smith, I. (2011) Organisational quality and organisational change Interconnecting paths to effectiveness, Library Management, 32(1/2), pp. 11-128. 16. Strachan, P. A. (1996) Managing transformational change the learning organization and teamworking, Team Performance Management An International Journal, (2)2, pp. 32-40. 17. Subramaniam, N. and Mia, L. (2001) The relation between decentralised structure, budgetary participation and organisational commitment The moderating role of managers jimmy orientation towards innovation, Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 14(1), pp. 12-29. 18. Walston, S. and Chou, A. 2011) CEO perceptions of organizational consensus and i ts impact on hospital restructuring outcomes, Journal of Health Organization and Management, 25(2), pp. 176-194. 19. Wang, L. and Ahmed, P. K. (2002) The Informal Structure Hidden energies within the organization, University of Wolverhampton, UK. 20. Guy, F. (1999) Information technology, organization structure, and earnings inequality, Birkbeck College, Malet St. 21. Buchanan D. A. and Huczynski, A. A. (2010) Organizational behaviour, 7th edition, Pearson Education Limited.Organisation BehaviourOption 3 Evaluate the statement that organisational structure reflects and reinforces an unrealistic view of human rationality (Knights & Willmott, 2007). Introduction Different authors have different definition toward organizational structure. Mintzberg (1979) defines the organization structure is defined as The sum total of the ways in which it divides its labour into distinct task and then achieves coordination between them (Mintzberg, 1979, p. cited in Knights and Willmott, 2007, p. 19 7). In simple words, organizational structure is talking about the structure of an organization, how a company categorise their workers or management to achieve their goals. Basically, organizational structure is talking about the management system that include organic and mechanistic management system. In an organization, there will be a lot of matters happened because of the organization structure.Hence, people keep discover different management structure to assist in organizational structure like Taylor and Ford that influence the organization structure by using scientific method to classified the work of an organization and control the achievement of the organization (Fayol, 1949 Taylor, 1911cited in Singh, 2009). Lewin (1958) cited in Burnes (1996) provided that the planned model that designed for the organizational change is the best model.However, is there any the best structure for organization? When we treat one structure as the best structure for organization, we must cons ider the factors that will make the structure no longer applicable. Environment is the important influences that we cannot ignore about. The unstable of environment led the organization structure keep on changing. One of the changes in the structure of organizational was from mechanistic management system to organic management system.Mechanistic and organic of organizational structure are two formally form of management system that applied in organizational structure (Burns and Stalker, 1961). As what Kulmala and Uusi-Rauva (2005) claims that competition was changing from firm level to network level, which means from centralisation to decentralisation. Changing Of Environment More than 2,000 years ago the Greek philosopher Heraclitus(536-470 BC) claims that everything was continuous keep on changing and there was nothing permanent (Smith, 2011).Organizational structure is also the same, there are no the best structure for an organization since the environment is keep on changing. Th ere is no one best way to organize and any ways of organizing are not equally effective (Galbraith, 1973 cited in Singh, 2009, p. 954). Environment and organization are interdependent, they depend on each other between an organization (pugh et al. 1963 cited in Child, n. d. ). Burns and Stalker (1961) cited in Singh (2009) proposed that appropriate organizational structure depends on environmental factors.Coulson-Thomas (1991) cited in Strachan (1996) argues that business organizational is increasingly face unprecedented change in social, economic, political and business environment. Burn and Stalker (1961) cited in McMillan (n. d. ) claims that an organization must match and follow with the rate of change in its environment if the organization want to reach a maximum performance or achieve their goals. The performance of an organization depend on how they construct their structure to align with the environment (Mintzberg, 1979 cited in Nandakumar , Ghobadian and ORegan, 2010).An ex ample that shows the change of technology that led to the changes of organizational structure, the manner of hardware and software development resulted in architectures evolving over time, at the same time organization structures developed special forms to suit and fit their specific environmental and strategic requirements (Mukherji, 2002). An effective structure or strategy can promotes competitive advantage to strengthen an organization performance (Oosthuizen, 1997 cited in Nandakumar , Ghobadian and ORegan, 2010 ) .Besides, there are a wide range of structures given to an organization to choose whether which structure is appropriate to them and can align to the environmental factors that they face, they can choose the most few effective structure mixed that fix to their different environmental problem faced since there are no one universal structure that applied by all organization (Singh, 2009). However, when environment is change again no matter due to technological or politi cal factor, organization need to aware that whether their structure now is consists with the changing of the environment.If their structure is not the best in current environment, then they need to revise their structure again to get the most productive outcome. Otherwise, the change of environment may either lead to some benefit or harms to the organization. Thevenet (1988) cited in Soparnot (2011) believe that the change of organizational structure is always beneficial. However, Soparnot (2005) cited in Soparnot (2011) argued that the changes of structure can destabilize organization and it is risky and costly.In an organization, if they are manage according to hierarchy structure, there are different level of manager and different opinion towards the change of the organization exist, different people have their own idea, each will suggest different idea and this will wasting time and resources to test for it. Walston and Chou (2011) said that the greater the differences between h ierarchical perceptions, the inefficiency of the organization change and effort.Therefore, there are no any best constant structure of organization, because the environment is keep on changing, what an organization can do is only keep on changing that align with the environmental changes. Mechanistic System Mechanistic management system is consist of hierarchic structure of control, authority, specialization , differentiation and centralized decision making (Burns and Stalker, 1961). Hierarchical structure is commonly carry out in an organizational chart form.Organizational chart show us the management structure or hierarchical structure, how the organization manage according to different department, or specialization. During the mid 20th century there was a trend for organizations to create huge corporate structures, often composed of many varied and different businesses, for instance, the Hanson Trust, Unilever, Trafalgar House, and GNK in the UK and General Electric in the USA (M abey, Salaman and Storey, 2001 cited in McMillan, (n. . ). Hales and Rabey (2011) held that a good management is consists of specific job for specific person, clear role definitions for each job, clear job specification and so on. It is talking about mechanic system of organizational structure. In the hierarchical structure, decisions are made by top level and task are delegated to different department manager of middle level, and these managers will make sure the workers under them is kept in line with them (Hales and Rabey, 2011).Since that are not a teamwork which they do not share common interest but they need to do more than the person who make decision and thus make them do not have any motivation to do their best or produce the best idea. This may occur because everyone have different perceptions. As mentioned earlier, the greater difference between hierarchical perception, the inefficiency of the effort (Walston and Chou, 2011). When everyone have their own perception, but d ecision is not made by them, conflict will occur.Conflict usually occur in relation to decision and sometimes it may lead to threat (Beckhard and Dyer, 1983 cited in Frank et al. , 2011). Decision making of hierarchical structure is also a waste of time since there are different level in the organization, decision making need to go through from low to middle and the top, it take time and waste of resources, when there are something happen between the level of authority, it need even more time than usual. Wang and Ahmed (2003) cited in Kulmala and Uusi-Rauva (2005) highlight organizational structure influence its decision making and the internal processes.Employees in an organization should not wait for manager comments or negotiations for organization sake (Kuitunen et al, 1999 cited in Kulmala and Uusi-Rauva, 2005). In order to reduce the conflict of decision making of the hierarchical structure and waste of time, the changes of this hierarchical structure is needed. Burns and Stal ker (1961) highlight that in organic system, position in an organization is differentiated by the expertise, whoever have greater expertise can lead the team and he or she will have the best authority.For mechanistic system, people who control the organization is according to standardization of skill, it is control by the person who have undergone extensive training and socialization (Friedson, 1970 cited in Abernethy and Stoelwinder, n. d. ). Burns and Stalker (1961) claims that the position of the leader is settled by consensus via voting in an organic system. When the position of the leader is agreed by voting, then it may consider fair because there are no any conflict of interest exist. However, for mechanistic system, position of the manager is the decision of the top level management.When the position of the leader is decided by the top level management people, there are inequality exists. Guy (1999) highlight that the increase of earnings inequality from the late 1970s until now is due to changes of organizational structure. When the decision is not reach the consensus of all but just solely based on the top level management, it seems like it is unfair. The top level may choose the one that is beneficial to him or her and promotes him or her to get higher position and this is not agreed by all. Organic SystemHence, Covin and Slevin(1990) cited in Altinay and Altinay (2004) claims that organization often decentralize decision making authority, minimize the hierarchical structure and adopt free flow communication channels to make sure organization achieved higher performance. When talk about decentralization, actually it is talking about organic management system, Burns and Stalker(1961) said that organic management system is appropriate to the changing of environment, he describe organic management system as a network structure of control ,authority and communication, there are not alking about responsibilities of a person, but the responsible of the pe ople in the network. Therefore, It is just like a team that achieve the same goals. However, the claimant that organization need to decentralize decision making was argued by Shields and Shields (1998) cited in Subramaniam and Mia (2001), said that not all managers accept the decentralization of organization structure because it will make outcomes of job unfavorable related such as low job satisfaction. For example, as what we have study now, we are choosing courses of education according to our interest.It is also the same as career, we will choose our job according to what we studied or what we like, if decentralize means that they are all working together without departmentalize, then we might need to do the job that we do not like and make us do not have the feeling of satisfaction when rushing for the work. Conclusion In conclusion, organizational structure is not fixed, it is not constant as all organization is using the same structure and monitor their work of organization.Th ere will be no consensus on one particular structure of organization and thus make the organizational structure do not fixed. Actually, each structure will show their good and bad, when the structure is align with the change of environment or the structure is reach the consensus of all and thus achieve higher performance of organization, then this structure is consider as good. However, when the environment is change again , and people no longer agree on this structure, then this structure is no longer applicable , if this structure is insist in using, then it may bring harm to organization.Hence, there is no the best or the smartest structure for an organization (Mintzberg, 1979 cited in Wang and Ahmed, 2002). When the environment of the organization change, the structure of the organization also change according to the environment, this dynamism of the organization structure makes the organization do not have a fixed or constant strucuture (Martinsons & Martinsons, 1994 cited in W ang and Ahmed, 2002). No matter organic or mechanistic management system, as long as it is an effective structure that align with the environment, it will lead he organization to achieve superior performance. Organization structure do not fixed because mechanistic management system is applicable in some situation or organic management system is suitable in some situation or mixed of these two management system is necessary for some situation. In details, an organization can mixed the centralization and decentralization by apply both in their structure. Decentralization can motivate employees to enable them showing out their creative and innovative but not stop by top level manager.At the same time, some others part can be centralize to make sure employees follow the rules and regulation because some decision if freely make by employees on their own may create troublesome such as financing and investing decision. Hence, structure cannot fixed on whether it is centralization or decent ralization (Buchanan and huczynski, 2010). Therefore, we cannot say that which structure is the best structure for organization because each of these structures play their own roles in different environmental changes. (2092 words) Bibliography 1. Abernethy M. A. nd Stoelwinder, J. U. (n. d) The relationship between organization structure and management control in hospitals An elaboration and test of Mintzbergs professional bureaucracy model, pp. 18-33. 2. Altinay, L. and Altinay, M. (2004) The influence of organisational structure on entrepreneurial orientation and expansion performance, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16(6), pp. 334-344. 3. Burnes, B. (1996) No such thing as a one best way to manage organizational change, Management Decision, 34/10, pp. 11-18. 4. Burns, T. and Stalker, G.M. (1961) The management of innovation, London Tavistock, pp. 103-108. 5. Child, J. (n. d) Organizational strucuture, environment and performance The role of strategi c choice, Sage Social Science Collections. 6. Frank, M. , Kessler, A. , Nose, L. , Suchy, D. (2011) Conflicts in family firms state of the art and perspectives for future research, Journal of Family Business Management, 1(2), pp. 130-153. 7. Hales, S. and Rabey, G. (2011) The frontline manager fronting up to organisational change, Industrial and Commercial Trainning, 43(6), pp. 368-376. 8. Knights, D. nd Willmott, H. (2007) Introducing organizational behaviour and management, South-Western Cengage Learning. 9. Kulmala, H. I. and Uusi-Rauva, E. (2005) Network as a business environment experiences from software industry, Supply Chain Management An International Journal, 10/3, pp. 169-178. 10. McMillan, E. (n. d. ) Considering organization structure and design from a complexity paradigm perspective, Open University. 11. Mukherji, A. (2002) The evolution of information systems their impact on organizations and structures, Management Decision, 40/5, pp. 497-507. 12.Nandakumar, M. K. , Gh obadian, A. , ORegan, N. (2010) Business-level strategy and Performance The moderating effects of environment and structure, Management Decision, 48(6), pp. 907-939. 13. Singh, S. K. (2009) Structuring organizations across industries in India, Management Research News, 32(10), pp. 953-969. 14. Singh, S. K. (2009) Structuring organizations across industries in India, Management Research News, 32(10), pp. 953-969. 15. Smith, I. (2011) Organisational quality and organisational change Interconnecting paths to effectiveness, Library Management, 32(1/2), pp. 11-128. 16. Strachan, P. A. (1996) Managing transformational change the learning organization and teamworking, Team Performance Management An International Journal, (2)2, pp. 32-40. 17. Subramaniam, N. and Mia, L. (2001) The relation between decentralised structure, budgetary participation and organisational commitment The moderating role of managers value orientation towards innovation, Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 1 4(1), pp. 12-29. 18. Walston, S. and Chou, A. 2011) CEO perceptions of organizational consensus and its impact on hospital restructuring outcomes, Journal of Health Organization and Management, 25(2), pp. 176-194. 19. Wang, L. and Ahmed, P. K. (2002) The Informal Structure Hidden energies within the organization, University of Wolverhampton, UK. 20. Guy, F. (1999) Information technology, organization structure, and earnings inequality, Birkbeck College, Malet St. 21. Buchanan D. A. and Huczynski, A. A. (2010) Organizational behaviour, Seventh edition, Pearson Education Limited.

A World Class E-Government: Singapore

E- regimen refers to the transformation of the clientele of the regimen such as processes, operations and transactions that is driven by the information technology. This can happen twain(prenominal) internally (streamlined government administration procedures for greater efficiency and effectiveness) and externally (simplified, intensify government-client moveion via online connections) (Tan, Pan & Lim, 2007). Singapore is a small country with a race of about four million with a small market and limited natural resources.Although Singapores position as an information gateway in the region has lead it to become a global hub which is attractive to many Multinational National Companies (MNC) (Chan & Al-Hawamdeh, 2002). Singapore is a leader in the electronic giving medication that has invited worldwide recognition. Singapores e-government offers 98% of all government portions are provided online for businesses and the community. It is one of the first countries to have the Civi l Service Computerization schedule (CSCP). The above mechanism was followed by the e-Government process Plans.These involved implementing as many public run online as possible, adding value to the e- go and providing a one stop service via the internet. Singapore has launched a iGov2010 plan in the aim of bringing the government a greater efficiency by integrating the back hold on processes of the government ministries and organisations. As per Tan, Pan & Lim (2007) it improves efficiency in terms of utilizing less time, effort and material resources while maintaining a constant level of output. There are dickens portals offered by the government of Singapore which are namely for the citizens and the businesses.The portal offered for the citizens is known as the eCitizen Portal which is the single insertion point for the community to access the services provided by the government and private corporations. The portal is to be accessed by the SingPass which is given to the citiz ens and permanent residents of Singapore. It is the single online user identification called the Singapore Personal Access. Through this body they can access their own confidential information. Also by the e-portal the community can post any thoughts on issues they are currently facing.For example the extensions of the have ban or the countrys national climate change strategy. The portal offered for businesses involves the Online Business Licensing Service (OBLS). This is an one stop portal for government registrations and licenses needed to conduct business in Singapore. Through this portal the applicant needs to complete only one integrated form for quadruplicate licenses. The system provides amalgamate online payment mechanisms for one-time payments for multiple license fees.This system has lead the processing time a business license to reduce from 21 old age to 8 days saving businesses more than $2. million annually. Therefore the implementation of IT in the government has lead to an increase in effectiveness and efficiency in providing services to businesses. an separate(prenominal) example of such is provided by Tan, Pan & Lim (2007) where the unprocessed tax returns accumulated in the Singapore income tax department resulted in administrative backlogs and dissatisfaction among taxpayers. The e-filing system in the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore (IRAS) has lead to greater efficiency in the department and the use of back-end infrastructure to incorporate taxation calculations and regulations has improved its effectiveness. dubiousness 1 Explore the two portals. What are the benefits to both the community and businesses? In Singapore, citizens have quickly warmed up to the e-Government services. Activities such as renewing highroad taxes and e-filing of income tax returns over the internet are now common among the community (n. a. , 2006). The main benefit for the community is the lessened administrative burdens they have to go through for pa yments, renewals and other services. The e-Government would lead to an improved quality of information with a reduction in the process time.It would also result in cost reduction for both the community and the ministries. These improved service levels would lead to efficiency where the community operating with the e-Government would be satisfied (Corsi, Gumina & Ciriaci, 2006). some other benefit that is enjoyed is the ability for the citizens to use their mobile phones to interact with the government services. There are many services offered by the e-Government in Singapore that is compatible with the hand held device. For example Housing Development Board and IRAS.Another benefit provided is the use of SingPass to access the individuals own MyeCitizen account. Having this unique SingPass would enable the privacy and confidentiality of the citizens. The users can personalise the portal and they have a variety of channels to occupy from such as MyTravel, MyKids and MyCareer. Lastl y the ability of the citizens to voice out their opinions is a great benefit for both the government and the citizens. Businesses have also benefited by the services provided by the e-Government. It is an increased efficiency and convenience to deal through the online platform.The offering of the Online Business Licensing Service (OBLS) allows the applicant to complete one integrated form for multiple licenses. The website provides the applicants with step by step guide which makes it trouble-free for the business to apply for licenses. By the OBLS the processing time of applications were reduced from 21days to 8days. This would be an efficient approach for the business where they can concentrate on other parts of starting up the business without a delay from the government authorities.Question 2 According to the chapter, in that location are six stages in the transformation to e-government. Which do you think Singapore is in? Why? In order for a transformation of a handed-down go vernment to an fully functional online government, in that respect are six stages that are to be completed. These factors are explained in Wong (2000). Stage one is information publishing/ spread which involves providing information on individual govermental departments by seting up their own website. It allows the community and businesses to choose from a range of services and contact for further assistance.By this bodily process the, the government departments would be able to reduce the number of phone calls customers need to make in order to clarify requests. Stage two is the official two-party transactions where the customers are able to submit personal information and conduct monetory transactions with individual departments through secure websites. At this stage customers should be convince about the departments ability to keep the information private. Stage three is the multi-purpose portals. It involves integrating different departments.A portal allows the customers use a single point of entry to send and receive information and to process monetory transactions across many departments. Stage four is the portal personalisation where the customers can customise portals with their desired features. The goverment needs a much more sophisticated web programming that allows the interfaces to be user-manipulated. By the personalisation activity, the government can have a clearer read on the customer sense of taste for electronic versus non-electronic service options.Stage fiveinvolves the clustering of common services where the customers now view the once-diparate services as a unified package through the portal. They consort to recognise group of transactions rather than than the group of agencies. Therefore the government will cluster the services along common lines to accelerate the delivery of shared out services. Stage six involves the full integration and enterprise transformation. This is the stage where all departments across the government is integrated with technology. It would bridge a shortened gap mingled with the front and back offices.Singapores e-government is in stage six in the Deloittes transformation model. E-government in Singapore has carried out Action plans since stratum 2000 regarding the accessibility, integration and providing value added services with one-stop service via the internet. There iGov2010 plan was launched in 2006 which involves bringing the e-government to a greater level of efficiency. This is to accomplished by back end processes across the entire governments ministries.Question 3 What could other governments learn from the example of Singapore?Despite the differences in Singapore and other styles of governments, there are things a country can learn from Singapores e-government experiences. Singapore has enjoyed political stability since independence in 1965 and the Peoples Action Party (PAP) has been in government throughout that period. Due to the one party government system, there h as been little or no disruption of policy implementation, which has enhanced the effectiveness of the delivery mechanism of public services. This stability has created well-organized institutions that help all stakeholders to adopt e-Services.Investments and master plans have leaded the success story of Singapore. For an instance in 2005,, the Singaporean government introduced a master plan to tackle security issues. S$38m (? 12. 3 million) will be invested in this plan to ensure a secure online environment. Incentives for tax-payers who submit tax declarations electronically, extensions of deadlines for those who are willing to declare their incomes electronically and lower fees for people who apply for their passports online are some incentives given by the government to promote e services and thereby an e governance.The social strengths of Singapore have been demonstrated by an educational system that produces a well-educated men to attract foreign direct investment (FDI). Not o nly developing its own pool of local talents, Singapore also recruits foreign talents to work in both the public and private sectors. Time saving, convenience and actual monetary savings are the main drives to pull e-Users to e-Services. In conclusion, one country cannot be a model of another country. But any country can be inspired by another. Singapore is a good example for other countries to open doors toward the success.

Difference of Athens and Han China Essay

To the question how great were the differences of classical Athens and Han china? My interpretation is that there was a big difference in these two empires. Like there form of government, art, geographics, and population. In classical Greece (9th6th centuries BCE) the form of government is a democracy which is administration is in the hands of, not of a few, but of the whole people (Pericles). Where as in Han china (206 BCE 220 CE) the form of government is a bureaucracy which is a embody of non-elective government officials.The emperor appointed governors to each district for his domain. Also in classical Greece the art was different than Han china. In Han china the art was more focused on nature, and how nature is more important, and how we should be in harmony with nature. Each separate being in the universe returns to the common extraction. Returning to the source is serenity.(Lao-tzu ) where as in classical Greece the art was more focused on the ideal man. The world is full of wonders but nothing is more wonderful than man.(Sophocles). The geography was also completely different.In classical Greece the area was surrounded by water and the empire was smaller than the Han Empire . And the population was different where classical Greece had a total population 315,000 people. Han china had a total population 65,000,000 people. These are the reason that are why there was a huge difference in classical Greece and Han china.

Book Report on “Babouk”

Guy Endore tells the story of the drastic slave history through the eyes of an African Babouk. He starts by focusing on the incumbrance of a French slaver during the late years of the eighteenth century. He explores the characteristics of a slave plow through his presentation of the ship and its primary quest. As the ship gets loaded with captured slave at Goree, readers be provided with the concept of how lowly did the early Americans view the African Negroes.The way in which they were loaded to the ship makes the fantasy of bondage dreadfully equated to the scene of hoarding tools and equipment that will soon be used to gain profits. In general, what makes the story terribly disturbing is the way by which one race maltreats the other because of their difference in color, race, and cultural structures. This was shown when the slaves were stricken with opthalmia during their tenacious, tiring, and devastatingly miserable trip towards San Domingo.During the voyage to the enslav ed land, those who failed to meet and satisfy the standards of slave eligibility because of the disabilities that they developed (such as the loss of the sense of sight) were disposed in an inhuman way- being thrown overboard to drown and die. As the slaves reach their unfortunate destination of lifelong enslavement, the story becomes much worse as the once unleash men take their roles as full-pledged slaves under the rule of masters who treat them disdainfully and without any betoken of gratitude and appreciation. However, the drastic enslavement also brings about a positive effect on the part of the Haitians.The slavery drives them to fight. The pain of being treated appallingly and the feeling of being taken away from their home and families in the end evolved into an urge to fight and defend themselves. The slavery of their white fellows transformed them into revolutionaries which eventually became as harsh as they were. Unfortunately, the supposed enlightenment of the slaves ended in their tragic death. Apathy yields indifference In the story of Babouk, readers were provided with a glimpse of how dreadful early Americans treated their potential slaves.In the story, they showed no signs of remorse in what they were doing. They failed to recognize that Africans ilk Babouk had the same rights and privileges that they enjoyed. They equated their potential slaves in the same way that they treat beasts of burden and tools for trade and profit. They showed no lethargy and acted as if the indifference was a normal part of life and living. In effect, they instilled hatred in the center field of their slaves and they promoted the idea that a human being may treat their fellows in an inhuman way, for as long as they can delineate differences in their race and culture.They showed that violence was normal part of societal interaction and that survival of the fittest exists not only in the jungle. In response to this elaborate show of apathy, they harvested noth ing precisely indifference from their revolutionist slaves. The most disturbing demonstration of this sadistic harvest is when Babouk threw a white pincer on the ground, struck a pike into its innocent and defenseless body, and used it as a banner. citation Endore, Guy (1934). Babouk. New York Vanguard Press

Coffee Consumption in China

chinas entry into the WTO on celestial latitude 11, 2001 accelerated the movement toward a market-oriented economy, open up our new markets for foreigners and invest more into foreign market,which advance influences Chinese lifestyle. We can see the change from driving habit to the drinking habit. For example, China has traditionally been a tea-drinking nation. However,the global spread of drinking chocolate-houses is touching down in China, with coffee consumption increasing year afterwards year.It is estimated that the number could jump to 400,000 tones by 2012. The large number of consumers, which influences the coffee consumption, are returnees. As the fast maltreat of globalization in China, the increasing number of Chinese go to study or work overseas each year. When they return to China , they will carry on living in coffee, which they have call on accustomed to. Visiting cafes and drinking coffee at breakfast is not a novelty for these consumers. peerless will find m any Starbucks outlet on the streets of China.Foreign ex-pats comprise another proportion of coffee consumers in China. Chinas open market has attracted substantial foreign investment, which has led to rapid affix in the number of ex-pats. Shanghais official statistics show that the number of Taiwanese living in Shanghai for short periods (at least three months) is estimated at 230,000. The figure is expected to increase each year. Ex-pats are at the high-end of coffee consumption and are also regular patrons of cafes.It is reported that Westerners and businessmen from Hong Kong and Taiwan stand for 30% of customers at chained cafes. (1) A unique aspect of coffee usage in China is that coffee beans are also used as a medicine to treat chornic disoders such as cirrhosis of liver and gallstones. Since the Chinese have realized the medicinal value of coffee and more research is being done to produce medicines, the import of coffee beans from Brazil and Ethiopia has grown manifold in the rifle couple of year.

Religion in History

Hebrew religious beliefs differed from the beliefs of otherwise great deal in the antiquated plaza East. Of all the ancient civilizations, it was the Hebrews who exerted perhaps the greatest go on westward society as well as the western intellectual tradition (Hebrew). The Hebrews first appeared in Mesopotamia and then(prenominal) migrated from Mesopotamia to Canaan and then into Egypt and back to Canaan. The Hebrew people were different. For them, there was only one god, Yahweh. This was a wakeless difference between the Hebrews and their neighbors in the ancient Middle East.The Egyptians, Babylonians, and others did not worship Yahweh. Not Reason only Revelation was the cornerstone of the Hebrew faith (Religion). Yahweh was the focus of Hebrew life therefore, the Hebrews would give no praise to royalty. Moses received the Ten Commandments as guidelines for the Hebrews. The poor, children, and sick were all protected and rich and poor were to be treated under the same laws. Personal property was not most important and did not qualify a person for the first time.Hebrews felt that Yahweh was fair however their neighbors felt different about their Gods. The ancient lands of Canaan, Israel, and Judah were overrun at various times. The peoples who ruled them brought with hem their own gods and religious utilizes. Wherever they went, the Hebrews kept their custom and their belief (Hebrew). The Persians were settled in the area long before the Hebrews. The Persians had two gods, Ahura Mazda, who created all the bang-up things in the world, and Ahriman, who created all the bad things in the world.These two gods were at war all the time. Their struggle kept the world in a delicate balance. If one god gained the upper hand, then more of his influence would be felt (Middle). The Phoenicians in any case believed in gods that were responsible for parts of nature, such as come down and wind. Baal, the storm god, was the second most important Phoenician god, b ehind El, the chief god (Middle). The Phoenicians also believed in a life after death, as did their neighbors the Egyptians.Both embalmed their dead and wrapped them in linen the Phoenicians position the bodies in stone coffins in hillside cemeteries It was believed that people could decide which god they wanted to follow. Those who followed Ahura Mazda, the god of good, did good workings like keeping their word, giving to the poor, treating other people well, and obeying the king. Those who followed Ahriman did bad things, like lying, cheating, being lazy, and being reedy (Middle). In the end, Ahura Mazda would triumph and good would win. People who support this god would enjoy happiness after death.Those who supported Ahriman would be punished for that support. This religion, later called Zoroastrianism, was the religion practiced throughout the Persian Empire when Alexander the massive conquered it in 330 (Middle). With his influence, Alexander brought the religion of the Gree ks. Sumerians and Hebrews had many similarities and differences in their beliefs. They both give high get a line to the Gods. Gods have the most power and can bring ood fortune, good harvest, good health, and good life. On the other hand, the Gods can take all these goods back and cause death, sickness, and plague.Sumerians and religious beliefs of the Hebrews from the belief systems of Egypt or Mesopotamia was clearly their monotheism. This monotheism make possible for a new awareness of the individual. Man had the capacity to choose between good and evil. Sumerians practice polytheism in fact, they think of the Gods as human. Eastern polytheism used images to represent their gods and goddesses. The Sumerians believed that the forces of nature were alive. The people couldnt control these forces of nature, so they worshipped them as gods.The people also believed that they were living on Earth only to please the gods. The Sumerian gods included Anu, the ruler of the gods Enki, the g od of earth and Enlil, the god of the air, who separated heaven and earth. Enlil it was also who gave the Sumerians their knowledge of market-gardening (Hebrew). Each Sumerian city also had its own god. The focus of the city was the ziggurat, a large temple, which was the abode of that citys god. The priests who worked in the ziggurats were the only ones who knew the will of the gods, so hey were very powerful.